HIV & progres

Although progress has been in treating HIV infection and AIDS, the epidemic remains a critical public health issue in all communities across the country and around the world. Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatment remain important aspects of care for people with HIV infections and AIDS.Nurses in all settings encounter people with this disease; thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assessment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with HIV infection and AIDS.In 1987, just 6 years after the first cases of AIDS were reported, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first antiretroviral agent; in 1988nthe first randomized controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in the literature; and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents.Improved treatment of HIV and AIDS has resulted in increased survival times; in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively.This paper intent to:a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the modes of transmission of HIV infection.b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the pathophysiology of HIV infection.c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   explain the physiology underlying the clinical manifestations of HIV infection.d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Describe the management of patients with HIV infection.e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the interventions appropriate for patients with HIV infection and AIDS.I. IntroductionSince acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection.During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against c ommon opportunistic infections (OIs).The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan &Holmes, 1999).Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001).II. BackgroundA. EpidemiologyIn fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993)> All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC usin g a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000).Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS.As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV.A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest group s diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).   UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever.The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003).Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).

Relationship between Theory and Practice Essay

Cognitive development indicates growth of the ability to reflect and explain. Lev Semionovich Vygotsky and Jean Piaget were greatly contributed to the cognitive development section of Psychology. The way small kids discover surrounding environment and psychologically develop plays a key role in their learning processes and skills. By learning the process of cognitive development supervisors give themselves a chance to great extent meet the requirements of the individual demands of each separate child. Vygotsky and Piaget were considered to be constructivists. Constructivism is a method of training and learning based on the idea that cognition is the consequence of â€Å"psychological construction†. To put it differently, children obtain knowledge making compatible their previous experience and new fresh information. Constructivists believe that learning is influenced by the situation in which a concept is delivered also by children’s attitudes and values. Another common feature between Vygotsky and Piaget is that they both think that the limits of cognitive development were set by societal influences. Unfortunately, this is the point where the correspondence between Vygotsky and Piaget comes to an end. There is a great difference between both theories of highly indicated scientists. Piaget claimed that mental growth came from activity. He believed that students learn by means of communicating with their surroundings and that learning takes place after growth. On the other hand, Vygotsky held that knowledge takes place prior to the growth that can occur and that children learn because of history and symbolism. Vygotsky also claimed that students appreciate effort from their surrounding environment and from other people such as teachers and parents as well. Piaget did not consider the latter to be true. Vygotsky’s and Piaget concepts on cognitive development also have different attitudes. School systems and teachers have been practicing the cognitive development theories of Vygotsky and Piaget for quite a while. A good illustration of Piagentian training could be arranged in a preschool environment. Through the preschool period Piaget considers students as being at the Preoperational level and as a consequence they are more likely to be self-centered. Consequently, it would be fair to discuss things with preschool age children from their own points of view as they will feel their experiences are unique and precious. During classroom activities one student might say the glass of milk that another student brought to classroom to share is half empty while the student who brought the glass may consider the glass to be half full. Neither student is wrong in this example, the glass can be characterized by both descriptions but they may believe it due to the fact that each accordingly likes or dislikes milk. Application of Vygotsky’s cognitive development theory could occur in a first grade classroom. First grade children are frequently characterized by having varying stages of knowledge. Some students may already know letters and how to read while others are still making attempt to improve this process. An optimal option to assist the students who are not reading as well as the others includes ensuring these children aid speaking out a word when they get stuck while reading a text. With these preliminary considerations in mind it would be well to conclude that cognitive development plays a central part in learning and thinking approaches of students. Vygotsky and Piaget provide valuable knowledge and data into the possible ways students learn and by employing these concepts it is possible to design a more advantageous learning context for each student. To get deeper understanding of Vygotsky’s theory it would be useful to visit the web-site http://www. newfoundations. com/gallery/Vygotsky. html. It suggests a number of approaches provided by in-depth studies and research of the scientist. Vygotsky tries to find answers to questions such as â€Å"What is a human being? †, â€Å"What is knowledge? †, â€Å"What is learning? †, â€Å"What is society? †, or â€Å"Who is to be educated? †. One more web resource that provides valuable insight into the researches conducted by Piaget is http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html. To apply theory into practice we may observe that preoperational stage includes symbolism which means that the child already understands parallel notions of objects. For instance, to develop business skills from the early age it would be very useful to set an activity where objects replace real things: paper instead of money, books instead of TV-sets to be sold, etc. These two particular web-sites were chosen because besides the theory itself they also include practice and illustrations. They describe how the results of the studies may be applied in learning and teaching processes.

Film poster analysis

Undertaking 1 -Film poster- analysis Film postings are a manner of advancing a movie ; they can be viewed on coach Michigans, the side of coachs, hoardings, E postings and cinema’s. Their purpose is to pull people’s attending so that they can acquire them interested in the merchandise, the movie posting is an of import factor as it is esential for the significance of the movie to be clearly conveyed to the audience. If the targeted audience for the movie is unabled to understand the posting, the movie may free out on possible viewers.A movie posting can incorporate stills from the movie, images of the characters or any objects or points that have relevence to the movies genre or story.The images help to potray the narration of the movies and gives a intimation to the audience about what the movie could be approximately, this is why its ever of import for the message to be clear.In this assignment I will be analysing two movie postings for different genres of movies sing its mark audience, content, codifica tion and conventions and manners of reference. Case study 1- Sinister The first movie posting that I will be analyzing is for the movie‘Sinister’ ( 2012 )directed by Scott Derickson, the movie was released on the 12 October 2012 and belongs to the horror film genre. The mark audience for this movie is people aged 15-35, while the official age evaluation that this film was given was a 15, this mean that the movie contains content that is non suited for anyone of a younger age ; this is a common age limitation that is used for horror films. The genre of horror films is most popular amongst the socio economic group C2, with males and females under the age of 25. The geo-demographic audience for this movie are Americans as this is where the movie was foremost released, it was later on released into other state. The movie has a reasonably low budget and does non incorporate any major histrions or actresses. The movie posting displays the typical horror movie conventions particularly as the color strategy of the posting is really common with the usage of ruddy and black, movies such as‘Friday and the 13th’( 2009 )and‘Mirrors’ ( 2008) contain these colorss on their posting, doing it really easy to observe the genre of the movie. The posting is really minimalistic, as the chief colors that are used for the background of the posting are dull. Colorss have a big influence within the posting and demo different significance ; the four chief colorss that are used for the posting are ruddy, white, gray and black. The coloring material ruddy represents blood and decease, and contrasts with the dull white background, doing the deformed face stand out. Additionally the color white in the posting appears to be polysemic as the scene of this posting seems to be in white room within a house ; the white coloring material of the wall can stand for an absence of coloring materia l, which helps to reflect the soulless temper in the posting, instead the color white can besides mean the pureness and artlessness that the small girl possess. The usage of the color black symbolises the darkness and emptiness that can be seen, while the usage of Grey is used to stipulate the dark and eerie nature of the movie, this content is of import to assist reflect the general ambiance of the posting. The chief rubric is placed in a cardinal place merely above the chief image, the name of the rubric ‘Sinister’ signifies evil and enigma and it appears in the Centre of the page in black. The coloring material of the rubric adds to its dark and shady visual aspect. The rubric is in a seriph fount which is a typical manner used in many supernatural horror posters.The lighting in the posting is ambient doing the posting expression realistic, adding to the disturbing quality, this shows the audience, that supernatural happenings may go on at any minute. Although it is non clear from the posting where the narrative of the movie is located, the dawdler for the movie shows, that the chief scene of the movie is in a house where a series of slayings have occurred. The immature miss that appears on the posting is besides a stereotyped characteristic of horror movies as girls/women are presented as weak and vulnerable. She appears to be have oning white pajama which represents artlessness and besides has relevancy to the girl’s mental province. She is seen smearing blood across the wall, this may bespeak that the immature miss may mean that she has been taken over by an evil force, a kid is really guiltless but portrayed in a ‘sinister way’ . The immature misss is turned off with her face confronting the wall, doing the audience admiration what she could look like, this adds an air of enigma to the posting. It besides leads the audience to inquire if the miss has been possessed by the evil entity that is smeared in bloo d across the wall. The text at the top of the page says ‘from the manufacturer of’ the movies‘Insidious’ ( 2011 )and‘Paranormal Activity’ ( 2011 )these movies were successful, and people may believe that this movie will be as interesting, as they have been produced by the same individual. Because of the low budget of the movie it does non have any noteworthy histrions or actresses in a big or clear infinite on the posting. The building of the content is notably different to Hollywood films, that usually highlight the stars of the movie rather boldly this posting has their names really little at the underside of the page. On the left manus side of the posting at that place person. The posting says that it is â€Å"coming soon† by non giving an exact day of the month the spectator of the posting may experience compelled to research the movie to happen out when it will be released. An extra component of the posting is a movie tape which has been positioned onto the floor beneath the deformed figure on the wall. The tape appears to hold been played and so interrupt, the tape could hold been viewed by the immature miss taking to her ownership. Beneath the rubric on the posting, the ticket line that is used is â€Å"Once you see him, nil can salvage you† , this manner of reference is presented to the audience in an informal manor, as horror films are made to seek and frighten the spectator and does non hold an of import message to present. This is a typical linguistic used for this genre as they want to utilize sentences that add to the horror of the posting, this adds to the enigma of the movie and addresses the spectator of the posting straight. The usage of the word him indicates that ‘him’ may hold relevancy to the figured smeared in blood, it creates enigma of what the movie is really approximately but besides intimations at what can be expected. They have used a simple text, in black that is bold and formidable. Another characteristic included at the underside of the web site is a nexus to a web site called www.HaveYouSeenHim.com ; this is used to lure the spectator and adds to the expectancy environing the movie. The image of the face that is seen on the posting is used in all of the publications that were used to advance the film, demoing the consistence of its selling run, this helps the association with the movie more recognizable. Case study 2-Mean Girls The 2nd movie that I will be analyzing is‘Mean Girls ‘ ( 2004) directed by Mark Waters. The movie was released on April the thirtieth 2004 ; the genre of the film is comedy. The mark audience for this movie is females around the age of 13-20 old ages old, this movie is likely to aim misss who are in the socio economic group E as the audience of the movie will chiefly dwell of adolescents. The geo-demographic of this movie would besides be Americans particularly as the location of this movie is set in a typical American high school. This allows the audience to associate to the character scenarios.unlike the movie‘Sinister’ ( 2012 )the film features chiefly popular histrion and actress and targets a mainstream audience. The chief coloring material codifications and convections that are used within the posting are normally associated with a ‘chick flick’ this is indicated by pinks and purples used for the posting, which intimation at the female audience of the film. Other movies that show color strategies, like this are‘Bridesmaids’ ( 2011 )and‘Legally Blonde’ ( 2001 )these movies have a female led dramatis personae, the colorss used aid to tie in it to the mark audience. The colorss are really light and bright screening that the film is non of a serious disposition and is a really light hearted movie. The coloring material pink indicates that the film may hold a subject of passion and love affair, where as the darker pink shows the fun nature of the movie. The color pink can besides bespeak friendly relationship ; from this the audience may see that friendly relationship may be formed between the characters. The color purple is used for the background of the po sting, this coloring material besides signifies love affair but besides indicates royalty, this suggests that the ‘mean girls’ in the film could be seen as royalty in at that place high school environment. The images used in the movie posting have the typical conventions of a female oriented film as the images of the characters are all female ; this tells the audience who the chief mark is for the movie is. The characters that appear on the right had side of the posting are portrayed in a typical girly manor with the outfits that they are have oning, they are stood really confidently with one of the misss cardinal bespeaking that she may be the leader as her pose suggests power and authorization. The manner that these characters are presented, gives an thought of the narration of the narrative by demoing that they may be the ‘mean misss ‘ in the film. This is really different to the other character that appears less confidently, she is portrayed more modestly so the other characters dressed in denims and a shirt. The misss are separated by the rubric this may propose the thought of her being the castaway in the movie. The average misss besides appear to be looking down at t he audience of the posting. The posting features the chief actresses name rather mostly, this is really different to the sinister posting, as Lindsey Lohan was a really succesful actress let go ofing many adolescent movies like‘Freaky Friday’ ( 2003 )and‘Get a Clue’ ( 2002 )to a similar type of demographic at the clip it was relevent to put her name on the movies posting to pull her fans to watch the movie.Another name that is on the posting is Tina Fey, it is relevant that her name was metioned as she has been a successful actress and author on comedy shows such as‘Saturday Night Live ‘if the audience recognise that she is involved in the movie they may believe that it will be amusing to watch. The rubric â€Å" Average Girls † instantly indicates to the audience the thought of what the movie is about and outlines the general subjects that may be, the rubric typography on the page stands out to the remainder of the context, and is placed vertically this seperates the characters, from the manner the characters are presented who are given thought as to who the average misss may be.The rubric uses a pink coloring material which keeps it relevent to the mark audience.On the page, the word â€Å"Mean† is bold and in capital letters, puting more accent on the movie this indicates that there may be a batch off issue of struggle in the movie. The word ‘girl ‘ re-addresses the audience once more ; proposing that the movie is aiming girls.The typography makes a statement and helps to reflect the ‘bold ‘ characters that will be seen in the movie. The tagline that is used in the movie is is â€Å"Watch your back† ; it is positioned on the posting underneath the three misss which suggests the possible narration for the film.It besides gives the thought that are struggle may originate between the chief characters that are included on the posting. This lingual is used as it is a typical average thing to say.altough the tagline isnt a cardinal characteristic on the page like a standered convection it is still stands out and appears larger than a typical film posting of this genre It besides has the release day of the month underneath it in bright pink and this makes it more seeable to the audience. Unlike the ‘Sinister’ ( 2012 ) posting there is non any demand for them to keep back this day of the month to assist with suspence, as they would desire the audience to cognize when the movie was being released so that people can portion the day of the month with friends and portion the posting. Similarly to the sinister film, the charge block used for the movie in a really little, a web site is provided leting viewing audiences to look at extra content that is associated with the film and to happen out more about. It besides states the film is distributed by paramount images which instantly suggests that the movie has a big budget. Undertaking B Once a media merchandise is made it is of import to garner feedback about it to see what an audience thinks, this can be done with focal point groups, reappraisals and tests and proving, this research can give the movie company the necessary feedback to do any accommodations sing the film. Focus group One manner of acquiring feedback from an audience is by utilizing a focal point group, a focal point group is a signifier of qualitative research in which a group of people will discourse there sentiments, beliefs, outlooks and attitudes towards are product/service they are used on a regular basis while in the procedure of marketing a movie. It is good to hold a focal point group treatment for a movie so that a manufacturer can acquire a good elaborate response from the mark audiences of the movie. From this they can take in the audience’s feedback and expression at doing any accommodations to the parts of the movie. For illustration the manufacturer of the movie may sit down with participants and inquire them inquiries such as ‘opinions of the characters? ’ and ‘if they like the general thought of the movie ‘ . Reappraisals Reappraisals are conducted after the release of the movie, but are indispensable for the movie company to see the idea and sentiments of the audience. Reviewing can fall into two classs these are user generated to reappraisals and critics reappraisals. A critic reappraisal is normally written by an official referee who will be paid to make it, they will normally acquire to see the movie in progress so that the reappraisal will be released in clip, for the general audience. The reappraisal gives the audience an sentiment of the movie so that they can bet on whether or non they want to travel and watch it. A professional reappraisal will look at facets including things such acting, composing, filming and way. User generated reappraisals are a manner for the movies audience to reexamine a movie this is usually done on societal networking, IMDB and rotten tomatoes, this is a utile manner for the movie company to have reappraisals from its targeted audience to see their response to it and what they need to differently following clip. Trial and proving Before let go ofing a movie it is of import to how the audience reacts to it, a trial showing is a prevue of the movie that is carried before the general release of the movie to bet on the general audience reaction. The prevue audiences are normally selected from the mark audience for the movie, after the testing the audience are asked to react to the movie, by either finishing a questionnaire or any other signifier of feedback. for illustration after the movie‘Titanic ‘ ( 1997 )was screened the audience thought that the movie lasted excessively long, this resulted in 45 proceedingss of the movie being cut from the concluding version. Other movies such as ‘Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle’ ( 2003 ) failed to make any trial showing which is frequently thought as the ground why it was unsuccessful. MentionsWebsiteDate accessedhypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt0377092/27/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Girls27/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt1922777/27/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinister_ ( movie )02/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_group02/10/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review02/10/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_screening02/10/14online

IT - The Stuxnet Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT - The Stuxnet Virus - Research Paper Example government. Examining the phenomenon in a more general context, it can be claimed that the emergence of the virus poses serious threats to the national security of any country due to its ability to identify and exploit the equipments that directly control critical infrastructures (Kerr, Rollins & Theohary, 2010). As a result, such virus could manipulate the security system of a country which could threaten the government’s ability to safeguard national security interests (Kerr, Rollins & Theohary, 2010). Therefore, there is a need for government officials to work closely with IT experts on building, maintaining and enhancing a country’s national security programs. In this paper, we examine, in more detail, the Stuxnet virus by highlighting on its primary components and capacities. After which, we revisit the current cyber security program of the U.S. to determine its key strengths and weaknesses. We end this paper with a recommendation on how the program can be reinforc ed. The Stuxnet Virus The Stuxnet Virus was first reported in June, 2010 by a security firm based in Belarus. Identified as the first malware that was specifically designed to attack the industrial control system of a nuclear power plant, the virus was allegedly created to either disrupt the country’s power supply or enrich the plant’s uranium content. Studying the primary capacities of the Stuxnet Virus, Thabet (n.d.) purported that the malware attacked and disrupted a Microsoft Windows-based application that is employed by the ICS of the nuclear plant. The worm spread through an air-gapped network either through a removable device like thumb drive or through Internet connection. IT experts found it difficult to pinpoint the geographic origin of the malware, since cyber attackers often used sophisticated methods like peer-to-peer networking or spoofing IT address to prevent identification (Thabet, n.d.). Some security analysts speculated that the Stuxnet Virus could h ave been developed by an insider from Siemens who had direct access and knowledge of the ICS. However, others contended that the sophistication of the virus’s code could suggest that an entire state was behind the development of the worm — either through proxy computer specialists or through the government’s own military capabilities (Thabet, n.d.). For this matter, some critics named Israel as the mastermind behind this virus. A report by the New York Times opined that Stuxnet was a joint U.S. - Israeli operation t hat was tested by Israel on industrial control systems at the Dimona nuclear complex during the 2008 (Kerr, Rollins & Theohary, 2010). At this point, it is worth noting that a malware such as the Stuxnet virus presents serious threats to national security. This is because modern critical infrastructures rely on computer hardware and software to run essential services, such as nuclear plant management; electrical power generations; water distribution and waste control; oil and gas refinement; chemical production; and transportation management. With this, once the ICS of a critical infrastructure facility becomes affected by a Stuxnet virus or by a similar malicious code, disruptions could hamper the government’s ability to provide domestic and international security, safety and other essential services (Kerr, Rollins &

Organizational Behavior and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Behavior and Leadership - Essay Example National productivity, increasing organizational effectiveness, reducing employee absenteeism, and increasing job satisfaction among the employees of a company. When an employee joins a new organization, he or she brings to the organization a new and unique set of personal background and characteristics from other organizations (Griffin & Moorhead 2010, p. 3). The manager of that organization must be able to recognize the unique perspective of the new employee in order to manage a better working relationship with that employee. This understanding of employee behaviors in order to improve organizational effectiveness is known as organizational behavior. The main purpose of the study of organizational behaviors is to apply principles to increase the organizational effectiveness by examining the individual impact and to bring required improvements in the organizational structure. Implementation of the essential principles is very important to bring a positive change in the organizationa l structure. Management of the company needs to be fully aware of the basic goals and objectives of the company in order to implement the principles behind any organizational behavior. Some of the main objectives for the application of principles include understanding the employees’ nature, understanding the organizational culture, developing effective leaders, developing good teams, and increasing the productivity (Stevens 2007). Studying organizational behavior is extremely important for the mangers for increasing productivity of any company or organization (Miner 2007). The studies not only makes an employee know his importance in the organization as an employee but also helps him develop good characteristics and behaviors required to progress in the professional career. If we talk about multinational organizations, we can say that such organizations have distinctive organizational characteristics that provide a unique context for organizational behaviors.

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Globalisation - Essay Example The World War I & II were the central points that proposed the idea of globalisation. The World Wars adversely affected national economies. On the basis of numerous studies conducted, economists realised that the concept of globalization would contribute to the rapid economic restructuring. In addition to the economic benefits, nations could improve its political as well technological relations globally. It is argued that globalisation can benefit developing countries more in achieving rapid economic growth. Obviously, it has several negative aspects too. This paper will critically analyse notable strengths and weaknesses of globalisation. Strengths According to Devetak and Hughes (34), globalisation connects nations through a global network, and it assists a nation to get access to foreign markets and customers. Sometimes, an organisation can attain more benefits from foreign markets than from domestic markets since the offshore country may provide better business conditions. The fa vourable conditions include cheap raw materials and labour, liberal government laws, and large number of potential customers. The removal of trade barriers promoted import and export activities by which a government acquires foreign investments. The emergence of a global financial market can be directly attributed to the concept of globalisation, which assisted the borrowers to get better access to external financing. The increased volume of national and international trade transactions will probably boost the rapid economic development of a country. The economic development of a country may raise the standard of living of its citizens. Moreover, every nation gets access to highly developed technologies so that organisations can take advantages of these improved technologies in order to enter the next phase of growth. Hence, technological improvement and increased productivity are some of the positive outcomes of globalisation. As per statistical data, â€Å"everyday more than $1.5 trillion is now swapped in the world’s currency markets and around one fifth of products and services are generated per year are bought and sold† (Benefits of Globalisation). The global interconnectedness helps nations to attract more and more investors and thereby complete their capital accumulation process successfully. It is evident that potential investors are invaluable assets of every organisation as these investors have the capacity to raise additional capital in times of unexpected contingencies. The buyer group also acquires benefits from world trade as they get better selection options through which a buyer can purchase quality goods at lower prices. Another fascinating feature of the globalisation is that it can keep inflation level lower. This feature greatly aids governments to trim down public sector spending and minimise troubles associated with a higher inflation level. The increased global trade creates a lot of employment opportunities across the glob e and thus it effectively contributes to each nation’s economy. Globalisation brought some excellent economical results in 1980s and it can be attributed to increased global trade activities. In 1986, commerce as a percentage of gross world product has risen from 15% to 27%; in addition, globalisation process brought revolutionary developments in the number of mobile phone subscribers and internet users during the last few decades (Benefits of Globalization). Weaknesses As in the case of any other potential

Single Parent Adoption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Single Parent Adoption - Essay Example In our current society, fewer and fewer American households are daresay traditional families. The stable societal changes have brought about the rise of alternative or non-traditional families, many of which include group living, unmarried cohabitation and single-parent families---all of which are mutually interdependent households, but not recognized as so by the American family law. As part of these alternative or nontraditional families, in the past decade we have begun to see a sharp rise in the number of lesbian and gay men forming their own families through adoption, foster care, artificial insemination and other means. One reason in opposition to single parent adoptions is that it denies children from a customary two-parent family. Omission of a mother or a father could give rise to physical and emotional troubles for some kids, like one case is a review published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology was presented by Vanderbilt University asserting to illustrate that daughters without their fathers encounters puberty sooner than those girls with intimate, compassionate relationships with both parents. Advocates of single parent adoption suppose that an unbalanced or broken home could cause more harm towards a child than those of the lack of one parent (Curto, J. (1983). A healthier home may convey more awareness to this child, which could produce an enormous difference later on with his or her life. They require a parent who would teach them the fundamental early rules of being a good kid. Children might contain a better establishment in relation to what life is all about. In several situations, this reflection might lead children to entrust suicide. A child requires having a better existence. Children need an important person to direct them within their childhood. A kid found in a better home will believe the he or she is more secured. There are a lot of people who have good objectives in adopting a kid because they feel that they need a child inside their lives. A single parent ought to be permitted to adopt a child because it could generate a vast difference with the child's' life as well as with the society. There are many individuals who wish to remain single for various reasons. There are many single parent families that have a loving supportive household. The longing to raise a family together with nurturing a child is frequent for both married couples as well as the single ones. Single individuals might aspire to adopt a child so as to accomplish their need to rear. They might feel as though their existence may be deficient and for that reason they think about adopting a child. I have talked to one single lady who said "I have an established job and I could offer a child numerous benefits." However, there are also some arguments in relation to whether or not single men or women are able to adopt. Our civilization has transformed in several means right through the years. A range of ways that our society has transformed is by means of technology, through way of life, racism, along with many other means. A big modification however, through out the years appears to be with parenthood. I suppose that single individuals should be allowed to adopt a kid. Nevertheless, they still are likely to be a minority whilst the greater part of adoptive parents appears to be couples. On the other hand, in line with the Committee for Single Adoptive Parents, numerous single parents do not suit this depiction. If a single person has an excellent paying

LAW AND ADMINISTRATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

LAW AND ADMINISTRATION - Assignment Example British-trained commercial staff forms the core of the commercial departments of international clients, contractors and consultants. British standards, codes and products are recognized and respected internationally. An area of particular UK strength that has generated interest from both overseas clients and UK practitioners is the urban regeneration of communities and the infrastructure and economies upon which they depend. No other nation has the depth of experience or the holistic range of skills in delivering large-scale programs of integrated regeneration. The industry, however, needs to wake up to present ground realities. There is criticism that value for money is not being secured in the procurement function due to insufficient focus on modern approaches to procurement function. There is a large workforce for routine functions such as building repairs, maintenance and facilities management. Headed by the City Engineer and Surveyor, the Technical Services Department covers a wide range of construction procurement activities. It has responsibility for the construction, maintenance, facilities management, repair and alteration of a range of buildings. The department has a large in-house workforce for routine functions such as building repairs, maintenance and facilities management. All major construction projects are designed in-house by council architects, engineers and surveyors before being put out to tender. It is council policy that all contracts must be awarded through competitive tendering using admeasurement contracts following completion of the design. The reason for this state of affairs is competition. The construction industry is price based due to which high-cost contractors have to lower prices in order to get work. If all competitors were high-priced, there will be decrease in performance. On the other hand, lowest bid competition leads to compromise in design quality, health and safety, and environment. The Philosophy behind Recent Developments in Construction Procurement in the United Kingdom Construction is a long-term project that requires planning and designing so that the end result matches the overall environmental objectives. It takes various parameters in view so that at every stage of the construction the internal and external factors continue to impact the environment positively. At the macro level there are men, material and money. There are men who do the promotion, planning, designing and execution. Then there are materials to be

Choose someone you deeply care for a sibling, a parent, a relative, a Essay

Choose someone you deeply care for a sibling, a parent, a relative, a spouse or a friend. choose 23 areas how you are similar, then choose 23 areas how you - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. To begin with, I will discuss how we are similar. One of the most obvious ways in which we are similar is our age, as we went to public school together and were in the same class and we became friends and have been ever since then. As well, we a have a lot of the same hobbies and pastimes, and we enjoy a lot of the same things, particularly in regards to food, fashion, and music, for instance. We have always gotten along quite well, and we enjoy each other's company, and we even have a lot of the same friends. In regards to how we are different however, there are many points to make in this matter as well. Although we are a lot alike, we do have very different views in regards to life in general, as I am more realistic, outspoken, and friendly, and she can be very uptight, cynical, and inconsiderate. She is certainly and absolutely a wonderful person at heart, however I believe that a lot of insecurity is built up in her and she brings her bad feelings about herself out on other peo ple; this is another difference that we have, as I am not superficial at all and do not worry about such things, as I would rather spend time helping other people than worrying about myself.

Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enlightenment - Essay Example His opening sentence highlights ridiculous French laws, regarding diet and medicine, denying individuals the right to look after their body as they deemed fit. Once into the realms of science, philosophy and experimentation, his comments on Galileo, by how he phrases them, show his great admiration for the man and his work. His brilliant use of irony indicting the government in question, suggests it was legislating against the mind. New ideas and discoveries should be encouraged rather than punished. Jefferson ridicules that government in Galileo's case for its reaction against reason and innovative thinking. His tongue-in-cheek phrase: The quotation reflects their philosophies. Bacon took Galileo's work and formalized it, suggesting that challenging orthodoxy, observing nature, using reason, would lead to true knowledge - experimentation would verify it. Jefferson incorporates Bacon's philosophies and methods, now He rejects some of the Rationalism of Descartes; that excluding reference to the external world, suggesting knowledge is gained by reason alone. Jefferson, a man of science and practical action, accepted the ideas of critical questioning, but was less impressed with the concept of thought without investigation or experimentation. The inference here may be that this particular founding-father of the Enlightenment did not wholly fit with Jefferson's views. The quotation provides evidence of his admiration and commitment to the work and philosophy of Isaac Newton, containing reference to his theory of gravity, and how its power and truth was accepted through reason, not legislation. Newton is a seeker after the truth whose findings could not be overturned. Newton took Galileo's work and and astrological studies of his time, defined natural laws, and presented incontrovertible truths. Scientific research, experimentation, sharing the knowledge, were all aspects of the man whose thinking Jefferson admired. His remarks regarding Newton prove he is reflecting Enlightenment thinking and values. There is a connection between Jefferson's own religious beliefs and the upsurge of Natural Theology which resulted from Newton's work. The idea that Nature is proof of the Divine, a Master Designer, appealed to Jefferson, who espoused the aspect of Scientific Deism, which contends that Nature was the result of Divine Creation, then goes on to operate under universal laws. Jefferson sees in Newton what Enlightenment means in practice.

The Dangerous Danger That Dangers the Danger Essay Example for Free

The Dangerous Danger That Dangers the Danger Essay PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment is to determine if the elasticity of bubble gum affects the diameter of a bubble blown with the gum. HYPOTHESIS If the elasticity of the bubble gum is higher, then the diameter of the bubble blown will be significantly larger because the bubble will be able to stretch farther, therefore giving it a larger diameter. The independent variable is the elasticity of the gum. The dependent variable is the diameter of the bubble blown. The constants are the stopwatch used, environment tested in, and temperature outside. There was no control group. MATERIALS  · 3 tape measurers  · 1 piece of Bubble Yum Original gum  · 1 piece of Wrigley’s Extra bubble gum  · 1 piece of Orbit Spearmint gum  · 1 piece of Mentos Tropical Mix gum  · 1 piece of Trident Tropical Twist gum  · 8 strands of Big League Chew gum  · 4-6 test subjects to chew gum  · 6 data sheets  · 1 pen PROCEDURE Part 1: 1. Gather materials. 2. Take one piece of Orbit Spearmint gum. 3. Chew the gum for approximately three minutes (the exact time does not matter). 4. Take the chewed gum and begin to blow a bubble. 5. Use the tape measurer to measure the diameter of the bubble when the bubble is at its largest. 6. Record the diameter of the bubble blown onto data sheet. 7. Repeat steps 4-6 two more times. 8. Proceed to Part 2. 9.Repeat steps 2-8 for all the types of gum. Part 2: 1. Remove gum from mouth. 2. Place the wrapper on the ends of the gum and slowly pull it apart. 3. Measure the length of the gum while continuing to pull it apart until the gum breaks or sags to the ground. 4. Record the length the bubble gum stretched before breaking. 5. Analyze and draw conclusions. WRITTEN RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The data collected from this experiment shows that overall Big League Chew produced the largest bubble, and Bubble Yum had the largest elasticity. Orbit Spearmint and Trident Tropical Twist produced the two smallest average bubble diameters; also, both had the smallest elasticity. The remaining brands fell into the middle of the categories; Wrigley’s Extra had a bubble diameter average of 8 millimeters and an average elasticity of 3500 millimeters, and Mentos Tropical Mix had a bubble average of 5.7 millimeters and an average elasticity of 1200 millimeters. Bubble Yum Original had an average diameter of 72 millimeters and an average elasticity of 4000 millimeters, and Big League Chew had an average bubble diameter of 100 millimeters and an average elasticity of 1500 millimeters. Lastly, Orbit Spearmint had an average bubble diameter of 24 millimeters and an average elasticity of 800 mm, and Trident Tropical Mix had an average bubble diameter of 20 millimeters with an average e lasticity of 1050 millimeters. The largest bubbles with the greatest elasticity had significantly larger servings of gum than all of the other brands. The small bubble sizes and poor elasticity could be because of the small size. CONCLUSION The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the elasticity of bubble gum affects the size of its bubble. The hypothesis for the experiment was if the gum has a high elasticity, then it will blow a larger bubble because it would be able to stretch out more. The hypothesis was supported because the results of the experiment showed that the bubble gum with higher elasticity generally had higher bubble sizes. The bubble gum types that stretched the most and also had the largest diameters were Bubble Yum Original and Big League Chew. The bubble gums with the least elasticity and the smallest diameters were Orbit Spearmint and Trident Tropical Twist. The scientific explanation for the results is that the higher amounts of elasticity in the gum allowed it to expand and stretch more, giving it a larger diameter. Attempts to limit errors in this experiment included using three trials, testing with the same person per type of gum, using the same measuring devices, and the testing enviro nment. Some possible sources of error were the fact that there were different people chewing the gum, the measuring was not always always accurate, there was a time constraint forcing the experiment to be rushed, and the gum bubble sizes were dependent on the person chewing it. From this experiment, it is suggested that the elasticity of bubble gum does affect the bubble size. In future experiments, more types of gum could be used to get a better sense of the results. In the real world, this information can be applied so that people don’t chew gum with high elasticity in schools. If someone is chewing gum of high elasticity, it would make bigger bubbles, make a louder sound, disrupt the classroom, and be a big problem academically for the students.

My Motivational Touchstone Essay Example for Free

My Motivational Touchstone Essay I once spoke to a very well educated man whom I had never met before, have only spoken to him on the phone and found that he gave me some compelling thoughts that would change my life forever, He gave me courage and conviction that hopefully will make me whole again as a person. I am coming to the conclusion that I am writing a letter to myself and will be my personal motivational journal and success within myself. I could write for hours, days and weeks and tell a never ending story; however I must begin somewhere and end somewhere. My life of failure and true disappointments has been what I would call an educational disaster. I believe in the foundations of education, the roots of learning which stems from the roots of your soul and the passion in which you strive for. I pray for success and courage that I will make it. I want to do my best and like Florence Chadwick when she swam in the mighty ocean, she never saw the bottom, she only saw the shore line and sometimes that was even difficult, but with motivation, determination and most of all strength, she braved the darkest hours as well as the shining moments. Her arms and legs may have given out, but it certainly was her heart that did not quit. I will be brave in my mind, for I do not want my mental diseases to take over my heart and make me a quitter again. I have PTSD, and I have come up with an anagram for the 4 letters, Positive Thinking Shall Develop. This will be one of my motivation words that I will put by my mirror to make me smile and strive for that tassel of hope. I feel these two quotes represent my personality, the standards in which I live by and most of all, that I feel is motivation for me because it inspired me for two reasons, number one is education. I will find solace in knowing I have found my calling in health psychology with a concentration in PTSD and emotional, mental as well a physical abuse. (This happened to me). We cannot live better than in seeking to become better. † ? Socrates The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. Aristotle The above quotes will forever be my shore line and the sand will never be rocky, only perfect with beautiful sea shells.

Divorce In The United Arab Emirates

Divorce In The United Arab Emirates Nowadays, divorce is considered as one of the most important issues that we face in our modern society where it deeply affects the social and financial structures of the country. Our religion has always considered the stability of the marriage as one of its main goals; in other words, marriage should be held in high regards. In addition, the sanctity of marriage must be protected forever unless there are problems that come across a couples life for which there is no solution beside divorce. Statistical reports show that the divorce rate is quiet high in the gulf region which proves that governments are not finding sufficient solutions for this problem. However, the United Arab Emirates governments realized the seriousness of this phenomenon on the families and society and began working on the problem especially in the recent years since divorce rates have increased radically and continue to rise; Divorce has become a vital issue as it affects the lives of families, causing pain, damages and destroying relationships. In other words divorce aftermaths are so serious that it could change your life drastically. These are some of the reasons that made me choose this sensitive topic. Why is divorce happening nowadays more commonly, even in the first years of marriage? What will happen if divorce rates continue to rise? Are there new reasons for divorce which are related to the country development? In this research paper, I will analyze this problem while searching for answers to such questions that will help to find solution in order to decrease the rate of divorce and to improve people lives. In addition, I will examine each part of this problem and the different views from the parents, the children and the family. Moreover, I will suggest some methods that may help avoid this problem. Literature Reviews: Abdualrazeq Maliki(2001) states that divorce phenomenon in the UAE society has interacting factors that may vary in their severity and impact on divorce problem. Maliki believes that some of the factors which help increased the divorce rates were changes that have taken place in the social and economic field; modernization. He Points out that modernization created a new side in our society which made a divergence between its members, especially member of a Family as husband and wife. Halim Barakat (1993) agrees with Maliki as the modernization has a deep effect in our society as he says Old patterns of marriage and divorce are being slowly replaced by new ones. Different sets of relationships are developing between family and society. He adds However, young men and women show less alienation from the family than from any other social institution, is it religious, political, or social. 2-Divorce Reasons: In our modern time statics proved that divorce is increasing year by year although the rates didnt reach the highest registered rate in the last 30 years, but in recent years it is increasing rapidly. For example, the first graph shows the total divorce rates as a percentage of marriages in Gulf countries, where United Arab Emirates has a 34.84% in 1995 which is one of the highest percentages in gulf. While in 2006 it recorded 18.88% which was a great development in almost 10 years, but unexpectedly it shoots up to 25.62% in 2007 and continues to rise in 2008 to 25.74% as the second graph shows. Such an increase made us search for eligible reason for it although the reasons may vary from every individual but the main common reasons are different background, arranged marriage and early marriage, modernization. Different Background: One of the most common causes of divorce that the people are not aware of is the different backgrounds of the married couple this is due to their belief that love can conquer all obstacles. The Emirates Economist also reported that mixed marriages (i.e., marrying a foreigner) are considered as one of the causes of high rate of divorce in the UAE ( ). In other words, people who are different in culture, economic class and religious believe, in addition to social status. The culture background is a big hurdle in every marriage and essentially ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s the first reason for disputes, this comes from the difference of opinion between the couple were each one think they are right because of the way their parents raised them which ultimately affected the way the behave and think, for instance, when an emarati marries a woman from Europe they would often fight about cultural matters like how she should dress, be more conservative towards strangers and many more problems arises which finally can lead only to divorce. Although the wealth of a person is usually said that its not important in front of love but the sad truth is its an important factor that can make life easy or hard, this often is present when two different person with different lifestyles marries, where one partner cant keep with the other financially satisfied and starts to complain about it which in turns will lead to many disagreements where money is involved and a situation of unrest follows. Also this difference may affect their children, for instance, If the husband came from a poor family which had to struggle for everything, and the mother came from a wealthy family, then they might have different ways that they want to raise their children. The father may want to be tougher on the children and enforce strict rules on them. This is the way he was raised by his parents. The mother may be less strict and have completely different views on how to raise children. As a result, each parent may struggle to have their own way over the children. It would turn into a fight over power. It could eventually lead to divorce(). Some may argue that parents from different background will have a good effective on their children since they get to know more than one culture. However, if the parents have a good communication they will able to avoid problems that may end with divorce. Religion plays a vital role in everyones spiritual and mental health, where faith can make a person strong to face the difficulties of life and continue to accept the challenges presented to them, this being said a couple with different religion can cause lots and lots of various problems mainly the faith of the child or even the certain necessities of a religion like wearing hijab for women, if such problem were not resolved in time the marriage would definitely collapse and a family would break with divorce. The difference in social status between the couples is a major problem which often leads to family complications where both families donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t accept the marriage that will occur or even after marriage, where the family decides to cut all relations between the couples, this will leave the couples with a big challenge because no matter who you love nothing can beat the love of your family and losing it will make you resort to the last solution to return your family ties which is divorce. Arranged Marriage: Marriage is Early Marriage: One of the important causes of divorce in the United Arab Emirates is early marriage, which remains as one of the countrys tradition. Although the education level has risen in the UAE, but this didnt prevent the practice of early marriage in the country. However, Many researches disagree as they say Universal, early marriage is no longer the Standard it once was in Arab countries: The average age at marriage for both men and women is generally rising, and more Arab women are staying single longer or not marrying at all ( ). Its true that early marriage is on decline but it still continues to occur and contribute in raising divorce , according to boozco journal, Our society is partly responsible for the high divorce rates as a lot of couples marry quickly without any chance to know each other, so in reality they are like strangers and there is no communication between them Furthermore, early marriage can affect couples life causing divorce for many reasons such as, the lack of commun ication and experience, also lack of independence. Early marriage is one of the reasons that lead girls to leave school and start a new life in which they dont have enough responsibilities in addition to limited awareness of what marriage is and how to deal with it, which lead to miscommunication with the other partner. Many researches agree that lack of communication is the main cause of divorce, communication is the revealing of thoughts or ideas and is an important aspect of all relationships().As in our society the reason of the bad communication between the couples is that many boys and girls need to interact with the opposite sex, since their upbringing and schooling have in most instances been strictly gender segregated(boozco). Furthermore, marriage in a young age may lack the experience that is required in dealing with problems that couples may face, since these young couples dont have a lot of things to experience and learn from it before getting married. In addition, in our region many families support their married sons financially which will encourage them to depend on their parents without realizing that marriage represent independence. Also it will reduce their responsibility award their new life. In contrast other families may not help their sons with money, which will leave the new couple facing debts in a very early age. Consequently, money problems resulting from premature marriages can also cause divorce( ). Modernization: Modernization is the Transformation of a society from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban, and industrial one ( ). In other words, modernization means the great development that happened suddenly to change a country from many ways. For example, the United Arab Emirates witnessed a huge improvement in many sectors such as economy, education and medication fields. Although these changes have a positive impact on the society, but it also have a harmful influence that can contribute to high divorce rates. According to ( ) Modernization and economic development have been cited as one of the factors leading to divorce in Western societies (Heaton, Cammack, Young). Similarly, the economic boom in the UAE, which is associated with rapid modernization and globalization has affected individual lifestyles and family values as well. So the impact of modernization has been proofed through the increasing numbers of families that have changed their lifestyle to have more urbane lif e than traditional one. Furthermore, this changing affects the society as it adds new reasons for divorce like women seeking independence in addition to the increase of demands of a marriage. First of all, the greatest change that occur through modernization is the female education and Conclusion: In conclusion, there are many reasons for getting divorce but the most common one is the lack of communication between the married couples; lack of communication can destroys any kind of relationships in which will impact the socity as a whole.

Should Section 28 Be Repealed? :: essays research papers

Recently, I noticed a petition in my local church that was to be sent to Donald Dewar opposing the repeal of section 28, which bans the promotion of homosexuality in schools. Many people did not want their children and grandchildren to know anything about homosexuality. This made me think, should homosexuality be taught in Scottish schools? The response to section 28 has been very different in different parts of the country. Section 28 has never been used in court to stop a local authority doing anything. Although some local authorities have gone ahead and produced documents in partnership with organisations such as Stonewall youth project to support young lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender pupils, others have taken the opposite view. Perth and Kinross council refused to give a grant to Dundee Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Switchboard, specifically citing section 28 as a reason for not giving a grant. Authorities' responses have been different because section 28 is badly worded and, legally, does not mean anything at all; its only effect is to act as a disincentive. Section 28 does not directly affect schools or teachers, just local authorities. Nevertheless, according to the "Playing it Safe" survey by the University of London, 56% of teachers surveyed said that they felt that section 28 prevented them from g iving such good advice and support to young lesbian, gay and bisexual pupils as they might otherwise be able to give. Young LGBT people do not have equal opportunities in education at the moment, neither in schools nor in college environments. The biggest single problem for young people, if you ask them, is that of bullying and harassment. It is something that affects LGBT pupils directly, but other people too. Anybody can be homophobically bullied - they do not have to be gay to be a victim of that. Bullying and harassment also affects people who have not come out as being gay. The effect on someone who has not come out in an environment where homophobic bullying is going on all the time is to make him or her terrified about telling anyone that they are gay. One of the particular LGBT equality issues most often mentioned is an understanding of the importance of coming out. Coming out is a life-changing event for a young person, and it is very important that school staff understands the implications and can give support to people who are doing it or thinking about doing it.

The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River :: O’Connor The RiverÂÂ

The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In O’Connor’s story The River a young boy takes his own life in order to travel to the Kingdom of Christ. The boy lacks structure in his life, is neglected, and is bored. He lives with his parents in an apartment in a "city that rose like a cluster of warts on the side of the mountain". (P.35) There is not one particular incident that leads him to "baptise himself" (p.45), but a conglomeration of many. From his apartment and his parents, to his treatment as an adult, the only place in which he can find sanctuary is in the River of Christ’s blood. His new faith paired with his longing for acceptance is what will ultimately led to Harry Ashfield’s demise. Descriptions of the apartment throughout the story introduce the reader to the world in which this young boy lived in. In the beginning of the story the reader is told of how the apartment’s air is stale with the smell of smoke. It is so bad that Mrs. Connin tells Harry that she will not be able to visit him in the apartment if she has to "smell those dead cigarette butts long". (p. 24) Yet another "flaw" Mrs. Connin addressed in the apartment is the picture on the wall. It is full of "black lines crossing into broken planes of violent color". (p. 24) The abstract picture in the apartment is symbolic of the life that Harry lead. He lives in a chaotic world without much guidance or many rules. Harry’s life up to the point of meeting Mrs. Connin lacks structure. The very fact that the family lives in an apartment rather than a house represents a lack of permanence. There is no commitment when living in an apartment. There is no mortgage to pay or yard to tend to. Because Harry had lived in this world of concrete for probably all of his life he has never really experienced nature. Nature represents permanence in a world that is anything but. When he was walking with Mrs. Connin down to the river, he walks through the paths as if he’s "never been in the woods before". (p.32) Nature is preferable to an urban setting and a character that is not one with nature can be seen as lacking. This lacking is visible in Harry throughout the story. The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River :: O’Connor The River   The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In O’Connor’s story The River a young boy takes his own life in order to travel to the Kingdom of Christ. The boy lacks structure in his life, is neglected, and is bored. He lives with his parents in an apartment in a "city that rose like a cluster of warts on the side of the mountain". (P.35) There is not one particular incident that leads him to "baptise himself" (p.45), but a conglomeration of many. From his apartment and his parents, to his treatment as an adult, the only place in which he can find sanctuary is in the River of Christ’s blood. His new faith paired with his longing for acceptance is what will ultimately led to Harry Ashfield’s demise. Descriptions of the apartment throughout the story introduce the reader to the world in which this young boy lived in. In the beginning of the story the reader is told of how the apartment’s air is stale with the smell of smoke. It is so bad that Mrs. Connin tells Harry that she will not be able to visit him in the apartment if she has to "smell those dead cigarette butts long". (p. 24) Yet another "flaw" Mrs. Connin addressed in the apartment is the picture on the wall. It is full of "black lines crossing into broken planes of violent color". (p. 24) The abstract picture in the apartment is symbolic of the life that Harry lead. He lives in a chaotic world without much guidance or many rules. Harry’s life up to the point of meeting Mrs. Connin lacks structure. The very fact that the family lives in an apartment rather than a house represents a lack of permanence. There is no commitment when living in an apartment. There is no mortgage to pay or yard to tend to. Because Harry had lived in this world of concrete for probably all of his life he has never really experienced nature. Nature represents permanence in a world that is anything but. When he was walking with Mrs. Connin down to the river, he walks through the paths as if he’s "never been in the woods before". (p.32) Nature is preferable to an urban setting and a character that is not one with nature can be seen as lacking. This lacking is visible in Harry throughout the story.

World War 1: A Tragedy of Miscalculation Essays -- World War I, First

World War 1: A Tragedy of Miscalculation To some extent, the outbreak of the First World War was a tragedy of miscalculation. Austria declared war on Serbia, in the hope that it would only be a short and local war. Germany had miscalculated the risk of a two-front war. Germany’s war plan – the Schlieffen Plan, inevitably involved France, Russia, Belgium and Britain. In â€Å"The war to end all wars†, Germany also did not take into calculation the ‘Domino Effect’ of the alliances between France, Russia and Britain. Because Germany had made such a bitter enemy of France, it decided to protect itself by making alliances with other countries in Europe. Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy known as the Triple Alliance. To the keep the ‘Balance of Power’ in Europe, France allied itself with Great Britain and Russia; known as the Triple Entente. Both allies swore to help their allies if their countries were attacked. When a Serbian Nationalist assassinated the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Germany remembered their treaty with Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. They also declared war on France and invaded Belgium using the Schlieffen Plan. Afterwards Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary because of their alliance with Belgium, France and Russia. Germany’s military reliance on the Schlieffen Plan working was a serious miscalculation. The Schlieffen Plan was a German war plan drawn up before 1914. Its essence was to avoid a two-front war for Germany, by first swiftly conquering France, the western front, through Belgium and then concentrating on the eastern front against Russia. ‘The invasion of Belgium was considered an essential element of the German war ... ...to expand into the Balkans itself and was supported by Germany. It was the creation of conflicts and miscalculations by the movements in the Balkans that led to World War1. ‘Veni, vidi, vici’ (I come, I saw, I conquered) – Julius Caesar, Roman Emperor (100BC-44BC) No power had been able to perceive the extent of damages brought by a general war, which lasted fifty-one months. They had believed the Third Balkan War would be a short war like the First and Second Balkan Wars. This serious misconception brought harm to all European powers. On the other hand, World War 1 was made inevitable by the long-term antagonism between the powers, as a result of rival nationalist movements, secret alliances, militarism and empirical dashes. ‘I think, that in our eyes, it’s obvious that the First World War changed the world’ – Stephane Audoin-Rouzeau, University of Picardie.

Gathering Blue Essay Essay

Kira is a girl with a twisted leg who lives in a more primitive society where people who cannot work, die. She has been kept alive by her mother, and when her mother dies, Kira is brought before the Council of Guardians. Kira’s life is spared when she proves she can weave very well, and she is assigned to the task of fixing up the robe worn by the singer whose only job is to sing the story of human civilization once a year. She meets Thomas, the boy whose duty is to carve the Singer’s staff. When finding out she needs to dye her own thread, Kira begins making a trip to the hut of Annabella, an old woman who teaches Kira dyeing. Annabella shows her the plants needed to make every color, except for blue. Kira slowly learns that her life is less than idyllic. She hears crying in her building, and she and Thomas discover another orphan girl whose ability is to sing and will eventually replace the current Singer. The orphan girl is scolded and punished if she does not sing; Kira befriends her but realizes she, Thomas, and the orphan girl do not have as much freedom as thought. At the Ceremony, she sees the Singer (whose robe she is fixing). She realizes that his feet are chained, and he is essentially a prisoner. The implication is that she and the others with gifts are also prisoners. Kira is also friends with a boy named Matt. He tells Kira of a village he once came across while lost in the woods. This village had blue. When the day that the Singer sings his song comes, Matt is nowhere to be found. He eventually returns with a blind man from the village in a blue shirt. The man, it turns out, is the father whom Kira thought was dead: Christopher. He now lives in a community made up of injured and disabled people who help one another. Christopher has enemies on the council and is forced to return. Kira decides to stay in the village to continue to mend the singer’s robe and help improve the society she lives in. Eventually, close to the end of the book Matt tells Kira about a boy with blue eyes from the community her dad is from. He says he has blue eyes and is not injured in any way. He thinks Kira should get married with him, but Kira declines. That boy is later revealed to be ‘Jonas’ from The Giver, a book also by Lowry. Characters: Kira – a young girl with a twisted leg and gifted in weaving; She is the protagonist of the novel Vandara – an evil enemy of Kira’s; she requests that Kira be sent to the field to die Annabella – an elderly woman who teaches Kira about dyes Thomas – Kira’s friend, a young man gifted in wood carvings Jo – a toddler girl gifted in singing Matt – a young boy who helps Kira, Thomas, and (later) Christopher Jamison – an older man, Kira’s sponsor and mentor from the Council of Guardians; later found to be the man who attempted to kill Christopher. Christopher – Kira’s father Katrina – Kira’s Mother Branch – Matt’s dog

Nicholas Lezard’s Quote on Atonement Essay

â€Å"†¦the novel is itself the act of atonement that Briony Tallis needs to perform; yet we are very much in the land of the unreliable narrator, where evasion and mendacity both shadow and undermine the story that is told† (Nicholas Lezard). Discuss this criticism of Atonement. When one reaches atonement, it means that they feel forgiven, regardless whether they are actually absolved for an offence or not. In Atonement, a novel of drama, war and romance, the author Ian McEwan characterizes the main character, Briony, as a very self-centered person. McEwan’s novel is self-referential when it is implied that the novel is one Briony wrote in order to reach atonement. Nicholas Lezard, critic for the Guardian, says that Briony’s atonement and ‘the truth’ of her story is weakened by Ian McEwan’s characterization of her as an unreliable person. However, some may argue that the novel Briony wrote was a good way to atone for her crime. In the end of the McEwan’s novel, Briony shows that she believes she had done the best she could have to reach atonement. When talking about the final draft of her novel she says â€Å"I’ve regarded it as my duty to disguise nothing – the names, the places, the exact circumstances – I put it all there as a matter of a historical record† (McEwan 349). This makes the reader believe she is being entirely honest. In addition to this, Briony, being a well-known published writer at the age of 77, decides to use her passion, her talent, to become part of her atonement. Although Briony can’t publish her novel until after the death of Lola and Paul Marshall because of her fear of litigation as well as the power and wealth the couple have and will use to protect their names. â€Å"The Marshalls have been active about the courts since the late forties, defending their good names with a most expensive ferocity† (McEwan 349). Her inability to do anything more at this stage of her life makes readers feel sympathy for Briony and want to believe everything that she claims to be true. For these reasons many readers may well believe that Briony had done respectably the best she could have to reach atonement. On the other hand many may agree with Lezard and feel that Briony’s fictional happy ending to her story is a final attempt to evade the guilt she feels. Briony’s medical condition and the fact that she is dying, as a result draws attention away from her desperation to relieve her guilt. â€Å"It is only in this last version that my lovers end well, standing side by side on a South London pavement as I walk away. All the preceding drafts were pitiless† (McEwan 350). This makes the reader question how much more of what actually happened was changed in Briony’s story. Briony even calls herself an â€Å"unreliable witness† (McEwan 338) of the events that occurred which she then wrote about. This also puts the reader in a position to not want to trust anything Briony says. She also says that she likes to think that Robbie and Cecilia’s happy ending wasn’t â€Å"weakness or evasion, but a final act of kindness† (McEwan 351), which contradicts to her claim of having the novel published as a historical record, enforcing to the reader her untrustworthiness. These are a few of the reasons for which Briony can be seen as an unreliable person. Aside from her desperation and lies as a result of her coming closer to death, there are other ways in which McEwan characterizes Briony to be unreliable and wanting to partially avoid blame for her committed crime. Briony, the protagonist, wrote her entire novel with an omniscient 3rd person narrator, which as a result distances Briony from the reader and draws some attention away from her offence. Another effect that this has is that it suggests to the reader that the events that occurred happened exactly as they are described, when that is not the case. Should the novel have been written in 1st person from Briony’s point of view, the reader would have seen Briony as an arrogant and not believed her story so easily. Briony on page 350 then clearly states that she made of part of her story when she says â€Å"When I am dead, and the Marshalls are dead, and the novel is finally published, we will only exist through my inventions† (McEwan). McEwan’s characterization of her as a self-centered and unreliable person is consistent from when Briony is 13 years old up to when she is 77. On page 336, Briony says â€Å"However withered, I still feel myself to be exactly the same person I’ve always been† (McEwan), which to the reader signifies that Briony has not matured as a person and still may think like she did when she was a child, making the same mistakes without realizing them. A clear example of the same mistakes Briony makes as an adult, is how she is jealous of her older cousin at the age of 77, the same feeling she had as a child. On page 341, Briony also says, â€Å"I’ve always been good at not thinking about the things that are really troubling me† (McEwan), which has the same effect of characterizing her as unreliable. Briony tries to do good by trying to atone with the novel she wrote, although on page 340, she says, â€Å"If I really cared so much about the facts, I should have written a different kind of book. But my work was done. There would be no further drafts† (McEwan 340), which then makes it very clear to the reader that Briony’s story cannot be trusted. The entire novel is damaged and cannot be believed as a result of Briony’s unreliability. Although Briony’s attempt to atone may seem justifiable to some, it is more reasonable to say that McEwan’s novel of Atonement is reduced from the story of a girl committing a crime and separating two lovers, down to the fantasy world of Briony Tallis blended in with some facts of events she witnessed. The novel being self-referential when it is revealed that Briony wrote it in order to reach atonement, leaves the reader with a very strong impression of Briony as a very unreliable, self-centered person, which then undermines the entire story.

Policy and Strategy in Global Competition Essay

Discussion Question 6.1: What are some drawbacks and risks to a broad generic business strategy? To a focused strategy? The two generic business strategies are differentiation and cost-leadership strategies, and they are fundamentally different from one another, both with their own drawbacks and risks (Rothaermel, 2013). These strategies are referred to as â€Å"generic† because they may be used by any type of organization (Rothaermel, 2013). The drawbacks and risks of a differentiation generic strategy is its viability â€Å"is severely undermined when the focus of competition shifts to price rather than value-creating features† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 155). This tends to occur when there is a level of acceptable quality which has emerged as a standard (Rothaermel, 2013). Organizations pursuing this strategy also need to ensure that they are not adding features which add cost but no â€Å"perceived value in the minds of consumers† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 155). The d rawbacks and risks of a cost-leadership strategy are that new entrants may erode the low-cost leader’s margins because of the â€Å"loss in market share while it attempts to learn new capabilities† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 154). Also, the converse of the differentiation strategy issue applies, in that organizations need to ensure that the â€Å"focus of competition shifts from price to non-price attributes† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 154). The organization needs to also be careful not to allow the value of the product or service to fall below the low-cost at which the product or service is offered (Rothaermel, 2013). A focused strategy applies the same concepts as the generic strategies above, but the focused strategy utilizes a more narrow competitive scope than the generic strategies (Rothaermel, 2013). The competitive scope refers to the market segment at which the product or service being offered is aimed (Rothaermel, 2013). An example would be the broad market of wristwatches to the more focused market of luxury watches  (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 6.4: Create examples of value chains for three firms: one using cost leadership, another using differentiation, and a third using an integration business-level strategy. A value chain is the process in which â€Å"a firm engages when transforming inputs into outputs† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 95). It is made up of primary activities, which add value directly, and support activities, which add value indirectly (Rothaermel, 2013). Primary activities include production phases, sales, marketing, and customer service (Rothaermel, 2013). Support activities include research and development, â€Å"information systems, operations management, human resources, finance, accounting, and general management† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 96). Cost leadership firm: As discussed above, a cost-leadership strategy involves maintaining the lowest price of a particular service or product (Rothaermel, 2013). A prime example of a cost-leadership firm would be Walmart (Rothaermel, 2013 ). Walmart’s value chain would begin with its supply chain, which is made up of suppliers with whom Walmart has negotiated the lowest price possible, at a volume sufficient enough to fill its shelves (Rothaermel, 2013). The next link in the value chain would be Walmart’s distribution and operations. Walmart has been able to reduce packaging and mileage, allowing for significant cost savings (Porter & Kramer, 2011). Walmart’s sheer size creates significant savings through economies of scale (Rothaermel, 2013). Lastly would be marketing, sales, and service, in Walmart’s value chain. Walmart focuses on â€Å"Saving people money so they can live better†, and continues to take innovative steps to do so (Walmart, 2015). The company has even created a mobile app called the â€Å"Savings Catcher† which allows customers to scan their Walmart receipt to capture savings that they would have missed otherwise (Walmart, 2015). This is a marketing effort which impacts sales and services in a major way. Differentiation: Apple is an ideal example of an organization utilizing a differentiation strategy (Rothaermel, 2013). Apple seems to be able to â€Å"create customer needs (even if customers are initially unaware of the need)† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 155). Apple’s value chain will differ from Walmart, and other cost-leadership strategy firms, in that it will have a greater focus on the development of their products and in its marketing and customer service. It will focus on product development in an effort to ensure their products continue to set the bar in their respective  categories (Rothaermel, 2013). Apple will also focus on marketing and customer service to ensure that new and current customers are aware of the products’ areas of superiority (Rothaermel, 2013). Integration Business-Level: Hewlett Packard (â€Å"HP†) is an example of an organization that is using the integration business-level strategy, which is a combination of the differentiation and cost-leadership strategies (Rothaermel, 2013). HP utilizes this strategy because Apple holds the differentiation position while Dell holds the cost-leader position in the mobile devices market (Rothaermel, 2013). For this reason, HP must seek to implement both the cost-saving strategies in supply chain management, like Walmart, and the differentiation strategies in product design, like Apple (Rothaermel, 2013). There are differences, however, in the value chain between HP and the two companies above. HP has sought to cut costs by trimming its workforce, thereby helping in its cost-leadership strategy (Rothaermel, 2013). In regard to its design efforts, HP has improved â€Å"the differential appeal of its product and service offerings† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 162). Chapter 7 Discussion Question 7.1: What strategy might the firm use to unseat Windows in this market? Although the small firm has developed a new product, it is a product which will be introduced into an industry which is most likely in the growth or maturity stage of the industry life cycle (Rothaermel, 2013). As such, the small firm’s best strategy would be to employ a cost-leadership strategy (Rothaermel, 2013). This is the best option because both the differentiation and cost-leadership strategy are viable options during the growth stage, but firms that adopt the cost-leadership strategy which dominate during the maturity stage (Rothaermel, 2013). The small firm’s new product is likely considered a process innovation, as it seeks to accomplish the same tasks in a more efficient manner (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 7.2: How does the industry life cycle affect business strategy? Detail your answer based on each stage: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. During the introduction stage of the industry life cycle, the companies which tend to be, and stay successful, are innovative and tend to be few  (Rothaermel, 2013). As such, the strategy used during this stage is likely the differentiation strategy, since firms are seeking to establish the uniqueness of their products’ features (Rothaermel, 2013). The growth stage tends to allow organizations to be a little freer to decide which strategy would work best for them (Rothaermel, 2013). It is during this stage that a dominant design, or standard, is established, which means that firms may choose to differentiate their product, or choose to attempt to offer the same type of product at a lesser cost (Rothaermel, 2013). The maturity stage begins to see less design changes and more process innovations within the industry (Rothaermel, 2013). For this reason, it is cost-leaders that tend to succeed during this stage (Rothaermel, 2013). The decline stage differs from those above, as it introduces four strategic options for firms to pursue: (1) exit, (2) harvest, (3) maintain, and (4) consolidate (Rothaermel, 2013). The exit strategy is precisely as it says: it involves the firm choosing to leave the market to pursue other endeavors (Rothaermel, 2013). The harvest strategy means that the firm will still sell the product or service, but will reduce the level of investment in its maintenance and development (Rothaermel, 2013). The maintain strategy is also exactly what it sounds like: the firm continues offering the product or service at the same level as it has been, despite the declining demand (Rothaermel, 2013). The consolidate strategy involves the purchasing of rivals in an effort to shrink the industry, which provides firms employing this strategy to reach near-monopolistic status (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 7.4: Why are standards important in many industries? As standards get adapted and become dominant, how does this process influence the competitive nature of the industry? Standards are important in many industries because the firm whose product becomes the standard â€Å"tends to capture a larger market share and can persist for a long time† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 175). Once the standard is adopted, the market tends to focus more on process innovation than on product innovation (Rothaermel, 2013). This means that firms are focusing their R&D efforts â€Å"on process innovation in order to improve efficiency† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 177). Since the standard tends to be set during the growth stage,  either the differentiation or cost-leadership strategy is used, for the reasons discussed above (Rothaermel, 2013). Chapter 8 Discussion Question 8.1: When Walmart decided to incorporate grocery stores into some locations and created â€Å"super-centers,† was this a business-level strategy of differentiation or a corporate-level strategy of diversification? Why? Explain your answer. Walmart’s incorporation of grocery stores into some locations represents a corporate-level strategy of diversification, as opposed to a business-level strategy of differentiation. While business-level strategy typically involves individual markets, corporate-level strategy encompasses decisions which impact multiple markets and industries simultaneously (Rothaermel, 2013). Diversification occurs when a firm seeks to increase â€Å"the variety of products or markets in which to compete† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 216). By incorporating grocery stores into some of its locations, Walmart made a corporate-level strategy decision to diversify the products offered in its stores, and the markets within which it chose to operate (Rothaermel, 2013). Chapter 9 Discussion Question 9.1: List some specific advantages of this acquisition for Live Nation. Do you see any downside to the merger?  Some advantages to the acquisition of Ticketmaster by Live Nation include: a reduction in competitive intensity, lower costs, increased differentiation, and access to new markets and distribution channels (Rothaermel, 2013). While these are some possible advantages for Live Nation, mergers and acquisitions do not result in a competitive advantage the majority of the time (Rothaermel, 2013). Shareholder value is usually destroyed after a merger and acquisition, and it is only the shareholders of the acquired company that tend to benefit (Rothaermel, 2013). Chapter 10 Discussion Question 10.1: How might your relationship change as the MNE moves from Globalization 2.0 to Globalization 3.0 operations?  Globalization is the process of increasing â€Å"integration and exchange between different countries and peoples worldwide† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 271). Globalization 2.0 refers to growing business globally from 1945 to 2000 (Rothaermel, 2013). It involved large foreign direct investment, with the  state-side corporate headquarters directing strategic goals and resource allocation (Rothaermel, 2013). Globalization 3.0 covers the time period from 2000 to the present (Rothaermel, 2013). Tremendous strides in technology allow for less need of foreign direct investment, and this stage has allowed the MNE to reorganize as a â€Å"global enterprise with centers of expertise† (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 273). As a small firm supplying a product or service to an MNE, the degree of change which would arise in our relationship, as the firm moved from Globalization 2.0 to Globalization 3.0 operations, would depend heavily on the location and type of services or product provided. The MNE would likely become more dependent on technology for telecommuting and would seek to operate twenty-four hours a day, year round (Rothaermel, 2013). As such, if our service or product was related to the technologies being implemented by the MNE, then the firm would become a larger player in the MNE’s operations. However, if the MNE was able to tap into its own knowledge-base to provide the services or product our small firm provides, then we would no longer be needed by the global giant. References Rothaermel, F. T. (2013). Strategic Management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Walmart. Our story. Retrieved on January 25, 2015, from http://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/

Healthcare management capstone by nikita brown Essay

Weekly tasks or assignments (Individual or Group Projects) will be due by Monday, and late submissions will be assigned a late penalty in accordance with the late penalty policy found in the syllabus. NOTE: All submission posting times are based on midnight Central Time. Administrators must continuously seek opportunities to increase the profitability of their practice or facility. Throughout this course, you will develop a plan to integrate a current and emerging trend in health care in your organization. Your Executive Summary to integrate a current or emerging solution into your organization will include the following: †¢Week 1: Topic Research/Selection and Literature Review †¢Week 2: Organizational Assessment †¢Week 3: Project Plan †¢Week 4: Implementation Plan †¢Week 5: Evaluation Plan Week 1: Topic Research/Selection and Literature Review Part 1: Topic Research and Selection Begin this process by researching what health care organizations are doing or attempting to do to increase profitability. Remember, profitability can be improved from many different angles. A nonexclusive list of potential ways would be adding additional services, decreasing costs, increasing the amount of services that are provided, or implementing a quality improvement program that qualifies for incentive monies. Check trade journals or professional discussion boards, or reach out to existing health care managers. Part 2: Literature Review Perform a literature review of the solution that you have decided to apply to your organization. The review will encompass several articles, and at least 1 of the articles must be peer-reviewed. Look at current material (within the last 2 years). Remember, a literature review includes a summary of the information that you found that is relevant to your topic as well as an APA reference for each resource that you reviewed. Identifying what topic to perform research on should be accomplished quickly because you will need sufficient time to perform your literature review. Review a minimum of 10 documents. The review should be between 10–15 pages, including the bibliography. Use APA format.

The Animal Usage in Scientific Experiments Term Paper - 7

The Animal Usage in Scientific Experiments - Term Paper Example One of the most significant advantages supporting scientific research using animals is the fact that it leads to the invention of fundamental medical solutions. For instance, the germ theory emerged by use of anthrax introduction to sheep. Further, in the treatment of diabetes, insulin was isolated from a dog, which led to the discovery of its treatment. Hormone discovery emerged from the use of dog experiments by Bayliss. This would have been impossible had scientists not experimented on animals. Animal-based scientific study is also the best choice amongst known research alternatives. For example, although computers are known to be amongst the most intelligent of machines, they have not been able to fit in as alternatives which could operate on their own. This is due to their inability to function as live organs in living things as well as their inability to model the interaction between inner and outer environments. The use of rodents such as the rat reflects a ninety-nine percent match to human genes. The results obtained from the experiments match what would happen in a human being, only with a difference of little magnitude (Abbott 146). Further scientific research on animals is advantageous since it plays a significant role in advancing genetic and biological knowledge. In genetics, animals benefit from the experiments. This is evident from the fact that genetic modifications make it possible for the improvement of animals; in the sense that they receive valuable traits for adaptation to their environments. They are also improved in terms of productivity. In addition, genetics research also assists in the advancement of tissue repair, which is useful to patients suffering from major injuries that necessitate reconstruction. According to scientists, animals lack consciousness thus do not suffer as much as a pain as humans. This means that experiential research on animals is more feasible than subjecting humans to the same form of research. Additionally, not only live animals are used in research, but also dead ones. Scientists also inject the research animals with anesthesia, thus relieving them of pain.