Management account-R12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The executives account-R12 - Coursework Example The hypothesis targets reflecting administration bookkeeping framework as reliant on factors that yield up now and again. This hypothesis brings subtleties of the components which ascend and influence an administration bookkeeping framework. As indicated by this possibility hypothesis, the unforeseen elements influencing an administration bookkeeping framework are remarkable to every association. Associations change from each other as far as tasks subsequently the distinction as appropriation, working and advancement of a framework. This implies each organization will have an administration bookkeeping framework which is explicit to its structure. This clarifies why we don't have an internationally received bookkeeping framework. Possibility hypothesis has caused strong strides in helping us to see how bookkeeping and budgetsâ can and ought to be utilized to manage the issue of the executives control. The hypothesis fundamentally bolsters the treatment of bookkeeping and financial p lans in a manner which perceives related changes which may happen in the organization (Sharma, 2009). The possibility hypothesis is normally significant in guaranteeing that the administration bookkeeping framework in an organization is in a state of harmony with the common elements at a given time. The endeavors by this hypothesis have been fruitful through the control of the elements that influence an administration bookkeeping framework among different components. ... With this, the association doesn't have to have the executives control dependent on a refined administration bookkeeping framework. Under such a circumstance, theâ management will control the association based on the set out spending plans. The possibility hypothesis additionally shows how bookkeeping and financial plans can be utilized to deal with issues of the executives control through the thought of systems and strategic situational factors. Essentially, the sort ofâ strategies and mission applied by an organization decides the sort of framework for the executives bookkeeping to be placed being used. For instance a firm may choose to apply a technique of ease and protection. Under such a system, an organization will move in the direction of standard items, hardly any lines of items, minimal effort tasks just as strategies advancing economies of scale. withâ this, there will be have to have plans equipped for causing representatives to maintain ease attitudes, impetuses to la borers contingent upon the consequences of assessment of monetary execution and adherence to spending plans among others. This implies there is requirement for an administration bookkeeping framework which is somewhat complex. Possibility hypothesis shows that bookkeeping can be used to deal with the issue of the board control through the assurance of the bookkeeping data need and use (Emmanuel et al,1990). As indicated by this hypothesis, the sort of bookkeeping data required by an association is extremely key in deciding the administration bookkeeping framework required. In a circumstance where the bookkeeping data required isâ complex, at that point an exceptionally complex administration bookkeeping framework is required. On the off chance that a firm requires simply basic data, at that point a less complex administration bookkeeping framework is required by an association. There is additionally the proposed utilization of the

NKCC cotransporter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

NKCC cotransporter - Essay Example Of these NKCC1b is additionally known to be found in mind RNA (Gamba, 2005). It is noted here, however, that the two isoforms of the NKCC1 cotransporter is discovered uniquely in the European eel (anguilla) according to research of Cutler and Cramb, 2002. In any case, there is abundant proof that NKCC1, in human and other mammalian species, is practically involved in CNS cells. It is seen by Gamba, 2005, that the NKCC1 cotransporter is actuated by receptors and aids neurotransmission by driving anions into the cell. It is additionally seen by Strange et al, 2000, that crafted by the NKCC1 cotransporter supplements that of the KCC2 one. The decision of the way of life medium, the neuronal-explicit CAD cell line, and the fairly CNS-explicit NKCC1 dovetails impeccably for an examination endeavor that tries to build up new realities on the atomic personality and other articulation examples of these novel electroneutral cotransporters in cells of the focal sensory system (CNS). G. Gamba's amazing 2005 audit article on these cotransporters has been broadly utilized in this paper since it is the most far reaching archive arranged to date being comprehensive of all angles depicted up until now. The cation-coupled (Sodium and ... The Cation-Coupled Cotransport System The cation-coupled (Sodium and Potassium cations just) chloride cotransporters are a novel transmembranal transport framework that is electrically unbiased yet exceptionally viable in real life (Gamba, 2005). These cotransporters comprise an optional transcellular transport framework that supplements the essential cation transcellular transport framework - the one intervened by the compound - ATPase. In the essential framework the mover is an electrochemical angle while in this chloride cotransporter framework there is no such inclination, the motivation behind why it has obtained the electroneutral mark, and awkward nature in chloride anion fixations among intracellular and extracellular media establish the central player of the framework (Gamba, G., 2005). In absorptive and secretory epithelia there is have to move particles and solutes all through the cells. Explicit plasma layer proteins intervene this vehicle framework by either affecting sodium flood and potassium efflux with backup of those particles as well as solutes that should be shipped (Gamba, G., 2005). With the exception of in choroidal plexus, these cations travel through the epithelial basolateral layer intervened by the activity of the chemical - ATPase that makes an electrochemical slope over the film. The plasma proteins intervene this transcellular transport that uses this slope to move target particles over the layer and in this manner this framework is known as an optional one while the compound interceded cation development is known as the essential framework. These two part frameworks together establish the essential particle transport framework across cell layers in human physiology (Gamba, G., 2005). On

Transitioning from a Linear to a Circular Economy

Changing from a Linear to a Circular Economy Set up a basic survey assessing the difficulties of changing from a straight to a roundabout economy. 2000 words (24th March) Presentation The direct model of utilization should modify or be supplanted sooner rather than later because of rising populace, diminishing assets (for example metals, materials), and water limits. The current direct monetary framework is unreasonable yet the idea of round economy may flexibly the way to take into account supportability by improving proficient utilization of material and vitality. From strategies and systems driven on a large scale by neighborhood governments to advancement of procedure lines and waste decrease on a miniaturized scale gives increasingly social and supportable perspectives to our present method of asset use. We can utilize models all through the universe of a move in the use of assets in a general impact of accomplishing a definitive objective of zero waste and effect on nature. What is Linear Economy? Direct economies accept the universes assets are boundless. The direct models essential target is to the economy, with no respect for natural and social effects. It takes squander from the creation procedure and taints nature and depends on the guideline, take, make, expend, dispose of and everlasting accessibility of assets. (Drljaca, 2015) This was because of a truly modest and abundant measure of assets being accessible prompting organizations concentrating on providing the client. This has dismissed the natural effect and needed motivators to limit squander from its creation to its finish of life. At present there is in excess of 11 billion tons of worldwide waste all inclusive and just 25% is reused. (Silky Rutqvist, 2015) Round Economy Round economy centers around the feasible misuse of assets yet additionally acts to expand the social duty. It expects to decouple thriving from asset utilization by guaranteeing a shut circle process which relies upon the extraction of virgin assets. (Sauve, Bernard Sloan, 2016) The idea permits waste to be gotten through the creation procedure again and from there on just a modest quantity of waste that can't be reused is arranged into the natural innocuously. This will lessen our reliance for new assets, permit people in the future to address their issues, and advance maintainability. Because of Chinas asset flexibly and natural issues they have used the round economy model on a national level numerous years prior assigning three unmistakable levels small scale, meso, and large scale: The smaller scale level expects to lessen squander and upgrade materials for cleaner creation inside an individual organization. The meso level teams up between enterprises to use the side-effect of each other which is encouraged by Chinas legislative orders. The roundabout economy at a large scale level is coordinated with cultural and partner intrigues which is on a comparative level to manageable turn of events. (Sauve, Bernard Sloan, 2016) Figure 3.1: Overview of the roundabout economy idea. (Reh, 2013) The roundabout economy model plans to supplant the direct economy model by broadening the convenience of the item by means of a few techniques: Building an item which has a higher caliber and progressively sturdy focusing on the buyers who can pay a premium. Renovating an item Exchange back your item to the market at a cost Overhaul the item to include new highlights Topping off a segment in the item where the remainder of the capacities are still in quality. Fixing a messed up item (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Having a general public that advances round economy may build rivalry around the world. (Drljaca, 2015) Arrangements The progress from a direct to round economy has been occurring for a long time and is seen from the laws, strategies, and structures given beneath in various nations around the globe. The strategy changes from nation to nation for instance as indicated by Tukker (2015) China advances a top-down national political target while the EU, Japan and USA go through base natural and waste administration strategies. Nation Roundabout economy methodology UK The House of Commons recommended in 2014 that the round economy ought to be animated by tax assessment changes. This would compensate reuse and give all the more financing for organizations advancing material recuperation. They could forbid organizations utilizing non-recyclable parts where different options exist. (Silky Rutqvist, 2015) Denmark The Denmark without squander procedure centers around better abusing the asset by lessening the ecological effect and improving reusing, for example family unit squander reusing. Financing is given for upgrades in squander division and treatment offices. (Frilly Rutqvist, 2015) Scotland The Safeguarding Scotlands Resources activity is expects to diminish material use through supplanting material with reused/recyclable substitutes and ensuring that virgin assets are proficiently and profitably utilized. China A few locales utilizing the Circular Economy Promotion Law of the Peoples Republic of China have set up reserves focusing on the round turn of events and improvements of science. The law likewise pushes for joint effort among a few ventures to re-utilize every others waste to profit their own process.ã‚â (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Singapore The Singapore Packaging Agreement (SPA) joint activity by the private part, nongovernmental associations, and government which significantly diminishes the bundling waste in Singapore. This has spared USD 35 million over a 5-year time frame. (Silky Rutqvist, 2015) The Republic of Croatia The Act on Sustainable Waste Management oversees squander at its source by putting the expense of waste to the maker. Removal must not compromise people in the future. (Drljaca, 2015) The drivers for the progress from a straight to a roundabout economy The progress towards a roundabout economy is subject to legislative issues, culture, society, the economy, and innovation confinements. This progress can be executed starting from the top or base up. The top-down procedure for instance has universal and national arrangements designated to organizations and their tasks and flexibly chains. The base up process begins at the item level wanting to recreate thoughts at a more disaggregated level of examination up to the more significant level frameworks. The top-down procedure ought to be utilized to upgrade base up activities. The point is to distinguish zones where we can lessen virgin assets utilization, carbon outflows, and waste creation by working together between flexibly chains and partners for example Nearby Authorities. (Genovese et al., 2017) Financial aspects By 2030 the direct development model will be not able to flexibly the developing interest for assets. The most probable model by Lacy Rutqvist (2015) shows a USD 4.5 trillion misfortune by 2030 expanding to USD 25 trillion by 2050. On the off chance that the roundabout economy replaces the current direct model it might discharge USD 4.5 trillion in extra financial yield by 2030 as appeared in Figure 5.1.1. Figure 5.1.1: Potential investment funds from a roundabout chance. (Elegant Rutqvist, 2015) In any case, as per Drljaca (2015), the roundabout preferred position wants to give a serious edge prompting improvement of asset usage which could diminish material abuse by 17-24% until 2030 with investment funds of ~EUR 630 billion every year which aggregates USD 10.3 trillion from 2015-2030 (1 EUR = 1.0867 USD 2015 normal, Pound Sterling (2016)). In either case the enormous potential investment funds from utilizing the round favorable position could convince governments to drive the change. Reasonable rivalry among straight and round economy Current guidelines give straight economy an uncalled for advantage over round economy by making it all the more monetarily appealing by expanded benefits through extending asset use. A move of tax assessment from work to assets would see this move in predisposition. Organizations are urged to extricate new assets as opposed to putting resources into individuals and procedures to accomplish a higher efficiency of assets as of now being used. Right now the Europe work charge sums 52% of all expense incomes while Different expenses could incorporate landfill charge, vitality recuperation assessment, and lessening the VAT on an increasingly round preferred position item. An expansion in cost of the item that consolidates the expense of natural effect would assist makers with minimizing the effect on continue evaluating serious. Item administration frameworks (PSS) In an item situated plan of action organizations center around the expansion in items offered to augment benefits anyway in a PSS model organizations are paid by offering an assistance and the item and consumable is the cost factor. This prompts the organizations being boosted to delay the life of the item which should be possible by utilizing increasingly strong materials or re-utilizing parts as far as possible of the items life. Leasing, renting, and sharing lessens the effect on the ecological per item fabricated anyway rented items will in general be utilized without care prompting decreased life span of the item and will be come back to the producer all the more as often as possible contrasted with the customary way. Because of work force, PSS builds the expense to fabricate the item and reliant on the speed of developments for certain mechanical ventures the re-utilization of parts might be regarded uneconomic because of no interest. PSS can add to asset - productivity and a roundabout economy yet doesn't change the impetus to boost the item deals. (Tukker, 2015) Round Economy Challenges Entropy The round economy accept the planet is a shut framework with the measure of assets being drained equalling the measure of waste produced. This standard keeps the Laws of Thermodynamics anyway practically speaking the round progression of trade begins with low entropy from the earth and finishes with high entropy squander contaminating the earth. (Genovese et al., 2017) Sau

Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land :: Literature Christianity Religion Essays

Making a Movie on Haydn Middleton's The Lie of the Land To make a film from any source takes many individuals all the while. It's not only a couple of individuals plunking down saying how about we make a film. There are things to be thought of, things to be done and individuals to contact. In this article, I intend to make a film of Haydn Middleton's tale The Lie of the Land, just to give a brief look at the difficulties engaged with making a film. The initial phase in any film would need to be a content. No content, no film. It's simply that basic. A little gathering (or one individual) would need to plunk down and compose a content from this novel. Obviously he (they) would need to choose what to concentrate on from the book, or what they (he) needs to sensationalize, and if there is something that they (he) can place in the content himself that wasn't generally there in any case. For instance, if the screenwriter(s) needed to make this a sentiment story between the characters David and Quinn, at that point they would stress that drastically. They may include some sexuality into said relationship, and even venture to such an extreme as to have Quinn returned to David toward the finish of the film. The catchphrases that you would see on the screen would be adjusted from, implying that the film depended on this novel, yet the screenwriter(s) composed the film from their translation. Obviously, a few things must be in the conten t, for example, David's story, however how centered it is depends, similar to I expressed, on the screenwriter(s). Since we have a content, and we'll remove the way toward submitting it to film studios, the following stage would be pre-creation. For this reason, we'll utilize an anecdotal studio and call it L 0 L studios. This studio, subsequent to tolerating the content, would recruit a maker. We should utilize a name here, as Richard Donner. His main responsibility is to recruit a chief, tryout a cast, discover an area to film, or choose if it tends to be done on a sound stage (perhaps both), and attempt to hold everything under financial plan. Our chief would be James Cameron, in light of the fact that with his prosperity as of late, his name alone would carry individuals to see this film, which is the entire objective of the task. Throwing is troublesome, in light of the fact that specific components must be taken a gander at, for example, looks, (do they look like it?

Diverse sources

Question: Clarify the Diverse wellsprings of current moral and social issues. Answer: In present condition, morals has prime job with respect to direct a business appropriately. Since, it not causes society to develop all in all yet in addition give favorable position to the organizations. This investigation assesses the effect of home proprietorship rules to the business of the indigenous individuals. In this manner, the investigation centers around to basically examine each factor with respect to indigenous home possession so as to assess the sort of effect it can made on the general affordable turn of events. The examination additionally fundamentally breaks down whether network is increasingly significant in regards to a business presentation or individual flash. Various wellsprings of current moral and social issues: From the contextual analysis, I found that private home possession in the indigenous land has risen as one of the major social issues of Australian culture. Since, home proprietorship can possibly have significant commitment in giving budgetary security to the individuals. Structure the examination, I found that dominant part of the individuals in Australia has the privilege to have the responsibility for and lands. In this way, not giving home proprietorship in the customary indigenous land has risen as the top social issues of the general public (Acevedo 2011). From the investigation, I found that customary indigenous terrains are the main places in Australia where no one can have private home possession. Subsequently, I accept that it not just influencing others from the Australian culture to have responsibility for indigenous land yet in addition influencing money related security of the indigenous individuals of the Australian culture. I assess that dominant part of the benefits of indigenous Australians are commonly own. Hence, it not just influencing monetary security of the indigenous individuals yet in addition has unfriendly effect on the financial turn of events (Kline 2011). I evaluated that common proprietorship has significant negative effect on property charges. Accordingly, pay level of the economy affected too. Comprehension of the worldwide administration aptitudes: Worldwide administration aptitude with respect to indigenous network advancement should think about a few variables. From the investigation, it tends to be assessed that numerous organizations began working together without including neighborhood individuals (Kwarciã… â€žski 2012). Thus, the indigenous network can't ready to have any profit by the presentation of new organizations. This not just influenced the general prudent advancement of the indigenous society yet in addition expanding level of disappointment also. In any case, in the present serious business condition each association is hoping to execute methodologies that can possibly give upper hand (Roberts 2012). Subsequently, the executives abilities of the association getting increasingly urgent so as to limit the disappointment level of the indigenous individuals of the Australian people group. The examination assessed the way that worldwide administrators won't just need to concentrate on the income level of the organization yet in addition should guarantee that it is doing its bit to help conservative advancement of the indigenous individuals of the network. Henceforth, the executives expertise should consider adjusting the income level of the association with the conservative advancement of the indigenous society (Ma et al. 2012). For example, the examination has referenced that the administration should consider explicit level of indigenous individuals to incorporate into the business so it can ready to keep up business morals appropriately. Effect of the diverse social and moral qualities in the cooperation procedure inside the association: According to the article by Neiman (2012), contrasts in social qualities can have significant effect on the moral practices. Since, individuals build up their observation dependent on their qualities, which is profoundly affected by the way of life in which they conceived and raised. In this way, I accept that it is important for each association to build up a hierarchical culture, which will impact individuals paying little mind to their way of life to think of new and creative thoughts (Mande 2012). What's more, I found that the investigation featured that it is significant for an association working in an indigenous network to take in any event 25% of the indigenous individuals. Presently, I accept that it clear that the way of life of the indigenous individuals is profoundly extraordinary as contrasted and others. Subsequently, I think these distinctions in culture will make boundaries in the general correspondence structure of a specific association. Presently, I firmly accept that viable correspondence inside the authoritative structure have significant job in giving upper hand in the association (Gallagher 2012). Moreover, correspondence hindrance can likewise confine people to share their points of view, which will in the end de-spur them towards their work. Henceforth, it is important for the administration to build up an environment that can permit association to play out its correspondence procedure in a smoother way (Ryan 2012). Investigation of indigenous subjects in the contemporary business: I found that the idea of indigenous theme has ready to accumulate gigantic measure of enthusiasm in the course of recent decades. With regards to the investigation that featured the effect of home possession rules for the indigenous individuals and its effect on the organizations. I found that numerous associations have actualized numerous procedures so as to improve the practical state of the indigenous society. Nonetheless, from the examination I found that home proprietorship factor has immense measure of antagonistic effect on the money related security of the indigenous individuals. In this way, I figure associations should give additional advantages with the goal that these individuals can ready to have a much better budgetary secure life. In any case, I do comprehend that associations should contribute extra for the improvement of these individuals. Truth be told, numerous investigations have referenced that lion's share of the indigenous individuals doesn't have a particular range of abilities, which an association can use to expand its income level (Neiman 2012). In this manner, I think it is dependent upon the associations to give preparing to these indigenous individuals with the goal that they can ready to add to the benefit level of the association. Subsequently, I figure associations should make long haul interest so as to have profits by the individuals. Furthermore, I found from the examination that the administration would give concessions and different advantages to the associations that would utilize 75% of its absolute worker from the indigenous society (Toiviainen 2012). Subsequently, I feel that it can have genuine effect on the business procedures of the association. Audit of the article: According to my feeling, the article investigates various elements identified with indigenous network so as to survey the sort of effect it can have on the business forms. Toward the start, I found that the home possession rules of indigenous land really have tremendous measure of negative effect on the efficient advancement procedure of the general public. Since, I found that individuals would not need to pays property expense to the administration that they really have. Since, it isn't under the guidelines of individual possession (Orozco and Poonamallee 2013). Accordingly, I found that the income level of the legislature influenced enormously, which in the long run limits the chance of monetary improvement of the general public. From the investigation, I likewise make out that the greater part of the associations are hesitant to use neighborhood individuals of the indigenous society in the authoritative structure. I accept this is principally a result of the absence of information and aptitudes of these individuals. Thus, associations hope to import individuals from various topographical are with the goal that they can ready to satisfy the prerequisite of the association viably (Saxena 2012). In any case, I think this must be considered as a significant moral issue that associations should consider. Since, I discovered it really limits the chance of affordable improvement of the indigenous society. End: In present setting, the idea of indigenous has significant effect on the business forms also. Since, globalization has made associations to work in various culture. In this manner, they need to remember nearby individuals for its authoritative structure so as to keep up its generosity in the general public. Moreover, increment number of exiles in the created nations additionally has significant impact on the idea of indigenous individuals, as the economies should confront difficulties with respect to increasingly more presentation of various societies. Subsequently, associations should be very cautious before executing any business systems with the goal that it ready to keep up its morals appropriately. References: Acevedo, Alma. 2011. Personalist Business Ethics And Humanistic Management: Insights From Jacques Maritain.J Bus Ethics105 (2): 197-219. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0959-x. Gallagher, A. 2012. Morals And Compromised Consciousness.Nursing Ethics19 (4): 449-450. doi:10.1177/0969733012449782. Kline, William. 2011. HumeS Theory Of Business Ethics Revisited.J Bus Ethics105 (2): 163-174. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0956-0. Kwarciã… â€žski, Tomasz. 2012. Morals Of Business Or Ethics For Business? Two Models For Teaching Business Ethics.MBA.CE3(116): 42-49. doi:10.7206/mba.ce.2084-3356.14. Mama, Zhenzhong, Dapeng Liang, Kuo-Hsun Yu, and Yender Lee. 2012. Most Cited Business Ethics Publications: Mapping The Intellectual Structure Of Business Ethics Studies In 2001-2008.Bus Ethics Eur Rev21 (3): 286-297. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8608.2012.01652.x. Mande, WilsonMuyinda. 2012. Business Ethics Course And Readiness Of MBA Students To Manage Ethically.Afr J Bus Ethics6 (2): 133. doi:10.4103/1817-7417.111024. Neiman, Paul. 2012. A Social Contract For International Business Ethics.J Bus Ethics114 (1): 75-90. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1332-4. Orozco, David and Latha Poonamallee. 2013. The Role Of Ethics In The

Were closed today Tuesday, November 5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Were closed today Tuesday, November 5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Its Election Day here in the United States.  Although its not a presidential election year, U.S. citizens are exercising their right to vote for their local representatives in government.  As a result many public (and some private) schools are closed in New York City today. Columbia University is one of the institutions that honors our hard earned privilege to vote and encourages people to vote by closing the school to allow us to do just that.    If you are interested in learning about electoral systems and voting policies, you can study it in our USP  concentration. We will be back in the office tomorrow November 6 to answer your questions.

Reconciling Disparate Objects in Leaves of Grass - Literature Essay Samples

Walt Whitmans begins this excerpt from Leaves of Grass by describing an elusive this: This is the meal pleasantly set . . . . this is the meat and drink for natural hunger. These two clauses that are set next to each other describe this as very different things. A meal pleasantly set, evokes a quiet table in a genteel household. In contrast, the meat and drink for natural hunger, recalls a more rugged table at which the food will be consumed after strenuous activity. How can one thingthishave such opposing properties? The entire excerpt is defined by the outward contradictions such as this one. Whitmans poetic rhetoric, however, attempts to create an internal unity from the contradictions. By unifying things that seem diametrically opposed Whitman emphasizes the possibility for reconciliation between disparate objects.Whitman places two contrasting ideas next to each other at all levels of the excerpt. The most prominent level at which he does this is in the images, as in the first line. He continues setting contrasting images on either side of ellipses when he again describes the this: This is the touch of my lips to yours . . . . this is the murmur of yearning. The contrast here is between the corporeal sensation referenced in the first clause, and the more internal emotive sensation expressed in the second clause. Two contrasting ideas again appear in the larger theme of the excerpt. In the beginning he makes a list of people with very different characteristics, and says that he will make appointments for all. The inclusivity of the early moments is in sharp contrast to the exclusivity of the last line of the excerpt where he says, I might not tell everybody but I will tell you. On the largest scale, Whitman creates a contrast in the structural elements of the poem. The poem begins with a disorganized array of clauses‹some set around ellipses, some standing alone. There is no consistency in the meter, which makes it feel more like one of the catalogues Whitman frequently uses. On the other end of the poem, the last two lines are structured as a neat couplet.He explicitly seeks to unify all of these contrasts when, after the cataloguing first stanza in which he has mentioned so many objects, he explains, There shall be no difference between them and the rest. Whitman perpetuates this idea in a much more fundamental and convincing way‹through his poetic rhetoric. Whitmans famous catalogues are the first step in creating this unity. By placing seemingly disparate things next to each other and by recognizing no difference other than that inherent in the description‹as he does with the two dining tables‹Whitman places the objects in an equality, even if it only is on the page. While the reader may be taken aback by the initial equation, through repetition‹the essence of the catalogue‹Whitman dulls the readers reaction to the contrast between objects. He thereby covertly lulls the reader into acc epting a fundamental unity. In this particular excerpt Whitman reinforces this idea by his ubiquitous use of this. By making everything a description of some un-named this, Whitman emphasizes the fact that all of these seemingly disparate objects can come together in one unified form. As with the catalogues, through describing this, as so many things, Whitman dulls the readers guard against the improbability of the descriptions.Rather than telling the reader how to view these contrasts, then, Whitman demonstrates how to view them, and forces the reader into believing that There shall be no difference between them and the rest.

Gas Crisis in Bangladesh - 3116 Words

Natural gas in Bangladesh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2012) This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2012) This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia s quality standards. (April 2012) The presence of Natural Gas in Bangladesh has been established through exploration by Bangladesh’s public energy company, Petrobangla, and more recently international oil and gas companies (IOCs)†¦show more content†¦2. ^ Dhaka Clean Fuel Project: Bangladesh at Asian Development Bank 3. ^ Lisa Schroeder (March 25, 2009). Compressed natural gas clears the air in Bangladesh: Cleaner-burning fuel is reducing dangerous levels of pollution – and saving money, too.. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2012-06-12. ï‚ § Natural Resources of Bangladesh. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ï‚ § Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ï‚ § Natural Gas Options for Bangladesh. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ï‚ § Natural gas reserve estimates vary widely for Bangladesh. Retrieved May 17, 2012. Description Bangladesh has some oil reserves near Haripur in the eastern hilly district of Sylhet, but these have yet to be developed. The Haripur reserves are estimated at 40 Mbbl, and the total resource is likely to be much higher.. The search of oil and gas in the area constituting Bangladesh began in the later part of the 19th century through some isolated geological mapping. The first serious attempt to find oil and gas was undertaken in Sitakund in 1908 by the Indian Petroleum Prospecting Company. During 1923-31 Burmah Oil Company (BOC) drilled two shallow wells in Patharia. The wells were abandoned though there was a reported occurrence of oil. A total of 6 exploratory wells were drilled, the deepest beingShow MoreRelatedGeo Political Potential of Bangladesh in Context of South Asia1488 Words   |  6 Pagescountries(India and Pakistan) etc* this region is South Asia *.South Asia is Surrounded by Middle east, Easternasia ,Centralasia Southeasternasia,Indian Ocean and the Himalayas ,is composed 8 countries (Bangladesh , India, Nepal , Bhutan , Pakistan, Sri Lanka , Maldives and Afghanistan) . Bangladesh Bangladesh is a small and naturally beautiful Country .It is surrounded by India , Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal , for this reason it is called bridge between South Asia and East Asia as a result itsRead MoreImpact of GSP Plus Status on Pakistons Economy Essay720 Words   |  3 Pagescase, major attraction lies in textile sector. 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The Bangladeshi economy is helped by its big garment sector, which contributes more than two-thirds of the country’s trade. The major challenge to prosperous growth is the vulnerability of the land to cyclones and floods. However, even with such challenges, Bangladesh hasRead MoreIndustrialization And Poverty1445 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant sector in Bangladesh economy. Bangladesh has a total population of over 160 million among them about 3.5 million people are currently working in the garments industries. RMG is the largest exporting industry in Bangladesh. Without natural gas Bangladesh does not have any other resources that can be oppressed. Through industrialization Bangladesh can achieve development. By following footsteps of developed countries by using industrialization and technology Bangladesh can raise per capitaRead Moreâ€Å"Swot Analysis of Project Management in Bangladesh†4778 Words   |  20 Pagesâ€Å"SWOT Analysis of Project Management in Bangladesh† August 11, 2012 Shah Md-Al-Emran Faculty of Business Administration ASA University Bangladesh Subject: Submission of â€Å"SWOT Analysis of Project Management in Bangladesh †. Sir, We are pleased to submit my report onâ€Å"SWOT Analysis of Project Management in Bangladesh†. . This report is a part of Project Management (MGT411) to complete our BBA program. We have prepared this report under the instruction of you. Though it was a toughRead MorePorters Five Forces Analysis of Automotive Industry in Pakistan and Bangladesh1734 Words   |  7 Pagesengaged in (Vehicle or Electronics Item) manufacturing and selling business in US and Europe. As per Company’s Global Expansion Plan, ALPHA Enterprises desires to expand its business network (Both Manufacturing and Selling) either in Pakistan or Bangladesh. Your Department has been tasked by CEO to conduct a Strategic analysis of Business/Industry for both the countries. Keeping this in mind Q1: Conduct a Strategic Analysis using Michael Porters Five Forces and on the basis of said analysis recommendRead MoreStrategic Marketing Plan for Uttara Bank Ltd1561 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTIN OF UTTARA BANK LIMITED Uttara Bank is a private commercial bank of Bangladesh established in 1965. Its headquarter is situated at Motijheel in Dhaka. Uttara Bank Limited, a leading commercial bank with 211 outlets strategically located in almost all the commercial areas throughout Bangladesh, overseas Exchange Houses and hundreds of overseas Correspondents, came into being in 1965 before the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state. Market Situation amp; Analysis Situation Analysis

Biography of Cambodia Politician Pol Pot

Pol Pot. The name is synonymous with horror. Even in the blood-drenched annals of twentieth-century history, Pol Pots Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia stands out for the sheer scale and senselessness of its atrocities. In the name of creating an agrarian communist revolution, Pol Pot and his underlings killed at least 1.5 million of their own people in the infamous Killing Fields. They wiped out between 1/4 and 1/5 of the countrys entire population. Who would do this to their own nation? What kind of monster kills millions in the name of erasing a century of modernization? Who was Pol Pot? Early Life A child named Saloth Sar was born in March of 1925, in the little fishing village of Prek Sbav, French Indochina. His family was ethnically mixed, Chinese and Khmer, and comfortably middle-class. They owned fifty acres of rice paddies, which was ten times as much as most of their neighbors, and a large house that stood on stilts in case the river flooded. Saloth Sar was the eighth of their nine children. Saloth Sars family had connections with the Cambodian royal family. His aunt had a post in the future King Norodoms household, and his first cousin Meak, as well as his sister Roeung, served as royal concubines. Saloth Sars elder brother Suong was also an officer at the palace. When Saloth Sar was ten years old, his family sent him 100 miles south to the capital city of Phnom Penh to attend the Ecole Miche, a French Catholic school. He was not a good student. Later, the boy transferred to a technical school in Kompong Cham, where he studied carpentry. His academic struggles during his youth would actually stand him in good stead for decades to come, given the Khmer Rouges anti-intellectual policies. French Technical College Probably because of his connections rather than his scholastic record, the government gave him the scholarship to travel to Paris, and pursue higher education in the field of electronics and radio technology at the Ecole Francaise dElectronique et dInformatique (EFRIE). Saloth Sar was in France from 1949 to 1953; he spent most of his time learning about Communism rather than electronics. Inspired by Ho Chi Minhs declaration of Vietnamese independence from France, Saloth joined the Marxist Circle, which dominated the Khmer Students Association in Paris. He also joined the French Communist Party (PCF), which lionized the uneducated rural peasantry as the true proletariat, in opposition to Karl Marxs designation of the urban factory-workers as the proletariat. Return to Cambodia Saloth Sar flunked out of college in 1953. Upon his return to Cambodia, he scouted out the various anti-government rebel groups for the PCF and reported that the Khmer Viet Minh was the most effective. Cambodia became independent in 1954 along with Vietnam and Laos, as part of the Geneva Agreement which France used to extract itself from the Vietnam War. Prince Sihanouk played the different political parties in Cambodia off against one another and fixed elections; nonetheless, the leftist opposition was too weak to seriously challenge him either at the ballot box or through a guerrilla war. Saloth Sar became a go-between for the officially recognized left-wing parties and the communist underground. On July 14, 1956, Saloth Sar married teacher Khieu Ponnary. Somewhat incredibly, he got work as a lecturer in French history and literature at a college called Chamraon Vichea. By all reports, his students loved the soft-spoken and friendly teacher. He would soon move up within the communist sphere, as well. Pol Pot Assumes Control of Communists Throughout 1962, the Cambodian government cracked down on communist and other left-wing parties. It arrested party members, shut down their newspapers, and even killed important communist leaders while they were in custody. As a result, Saloth Sar moved up the ranks of surviving party members. In early 1963, a small group of survivors elected Saloth as Secretary of the Communist Central Committee of Cambodia. By March, he had to go into hiding when his name appeared on a list of people wanted for questioning in connection with leftist activities. Saloth Sar escaped to North Vietnam, where he made contact with a Viet Minh unit. With support and cooperation from the much better-organized Vietnamese Communists, Saloth Sar arranged for a Cambodian Central Committee meeting early in 1964. The Central Committee called for armed struggle against the Cambodian government, (rather ironically) for self-reliance in the sense of independence from the Vietnamese Communists, and for a revolution based on the agrarian proletariat, or peasantry, rather than the working class as Marx envisioned it. When Prince Sihanouk unleashed another crack-down against leftists in 1965, a number of elites such as teachers and college students fled the cities and joined the nascent Communist guerrilla movement taking shape in the countryside. In order to become revolutionaries, however, they had to give up their books and drop out. They would become the first members of the Khmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge Take-Over of Cambodia In 1966, Saloth Sar returned to Cambodia and renamed the party the CPK: Communist Party of Kampuchea. The party began to plan for a revolution, but was caught off-guard when peasants across the country rose up in anger over the high price of food in 1966; the CPK was left standing. It wasnt until January 18, 1968, that the CPK started its uprising, with an attack on an army base near Battambang. Although the Khmer Rouge did not overrun the base entirely, they were able to seize a weapons cache which they turned against the police in villages across Cambodia. As violence escalated, Prince Sihanouk went to Paris, then ordered protesters to picket the Vietnamese embassies in Phnom Penh. When the protests got out of hand, between March 8 and 11, he then denounced the protesters for destroying the embassies as well as ethnic Vietnamese churches and homes. The National Assembly learned of this capricious chain of events and voted Sihanouk out of power on March 18, 1970. Although the Khmer Rouge had consistently railed against Sihanouk in its propaganda, the Chinese and Vietnamese communist leaders convinced him to support the Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk went on the radio and called for the Cambodian people to take up arms against the government, and fight for the Khmer Rouge. Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese army also was invading Cambodia, pressing the Cambodian army back to less than 25 kilometers from Phnom Penh. Cambodian Genocide In the name of agrarian communism, the Khmer Rouge decided to completely and immediately remake Cambodian society as a utopian farming nation, free of all foreign influence and the trappings of modernity. They immediately abolished all private property and seized all products of field or factory. The people who lived in cities and towns, some 3.3 million, were driven out to work in the countryside. They were labeled depositees, and were given very short rations with the intention of starving them to death. When party leader Hou Youn objected to the emptying of Phnom Penh, Pol Pot labeled him a traitor; Hou Youn disappeared. Pol Pots regime targeted intellectuals, including anyone with an education, or with foreign contacts, as well as anyone from the middle or upper classes. Such people were tortured horrifically, including by electrocution, pulling out of finger and toenails, and being skinned alive, before they were killed. All of the doctors, the teachers, the Buddhist monks and nuns, and the engineers died. All of the national armys officers were executed. Love, sex, and romance were outlawed, and the state had to approve marriages. Anyone caught being in love or having sex without official permission was executed. Children were not allowed to go to school or to play, they were expected to work and would be summarily killed if they balked. Incredibly, the people of Cambodia did not really know who was doing this to them. Saloth Sar, now known to his associates as Pol Pot, never revealed his identity or that of his party to the ordinary people. Intensely paranoid, Pol Pot reportedly refused to sleep in the same bed two nights in a row for fear of assassination. The Angka included only 14,000 members, but through secrecy and terror tactics, they ruled a country of 8 million citizens absolutely. Those people who were not killed immediately worked in the fields from sun-up to sun-down, seven days a week. They were separated from their families, ate in communal dining messes, and slept in military-style barracks. The government confiscated all consumer goods, piling vehicles, refrigerators, radios, and air conditioners up in the streets and burning them. Among the activities utterly banned were music-making, prayer, using money and reading. Anyone who disobeyed these restrictions ended up in an extermination center or got a swift ax-blow to the head in one of the Killing Fields. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge sought nothing less than the reversal of hundreds of years of progress. They were willing and able to erase not only the symbols of modernization but also the people associated with it. Initially, the elites bore the brunt of Khmer Rouge excesses, but by 1977 even peasants (base people) were being massacred for offenses such as using happy words. Nobody knows exactly how many Cambodians were murdered during Pol Pots reign of terror, but the lower estimates tend to cluster around 1.5 million, while others estimate 3 million, out of a total population of just over 8 million. Vietnam Invades Throughout Pol Pots reign, border skirmishes flared from time to time with the Vietnamese. A May 1978 uprising by non-Khmer Rouge communists in eastern Cambodia prompted Pol Pot to call for the extermination of all Vietnamese (50 million people), as well as of the 1.5 million Cambodians in the eastern sector. He made a start on this plan, massacring more than 100,000 of the eastern Cambodians by the end of the year. However, Pol Pots rhetoric and actions gave the Vietnamese government a reasonable pretext for war. Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of Cambodia and overthrew Pol Pot. He fled to the Thai borderlands, while the Vietnamese installed a new, more moderate communist government in Phnom Penh. Continued Revolutionary Activity Pol Pot was put on trial in absentia in 1980, and sentenced to death. Nonetheless, from his hideout in the Malai district of Banteay Meanchey Province, near the Cambodia/Thailand border, he continued to direct Khmer Rouge actions against the Vietnamese-controlled government for years. He announced his retirement in 1985, supposedly due to problems with asthma, but continued to direct the Khmer Rouge behind the scenes. Frustrated, the Vietnamese attacked the western provinces and drove the Khmer guerrillas into Thailand; Pol Pot would live in Trat, Thailand for several years. In 1989, the Vietnamese withdrew their troops from Cambodia. Pol Pot had been living in China, where he underwent treatment for facial cancer. He soon returned to western Cambodia but refused to take part in negotiations for a coalition government. A hardcore of Khmer Rouge loyalists continued to terrorize the western regions of the country and waged guerrilla war on the government. In June of 1997, Pol Pot was arrested and put on trial only for the murder of his friend Son Sen. He was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. Death and Legacy On April 15, 1998, Pol Pot heard the news on a Voice of America radio program that he was going to be turned over to an international tribunal for trial. He died that night; the official cause of death was heart failure, but his hasty cremation raised suspicions that it might have been suicide. In the end, it is difficult to assess Pol Pots legacy. Certainly, he was one of the bloodiest tyrants in history. His delusional plan for reforming Cambodia did set the country back, but it hardly created an agrarian utopia. Indeed, it is only after four decades that Cambodias wounds are beginning to heal, and some sort of normalcy is returning to this utterly ravaged nation. But a visitor does not even have to scratch the surface to find the scars of Cambodias Orwellian nightmare under the rule of Pol Pot. Source: Becker, Elizabeth. When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution, Public Affairs, 1998. Kiernan, Ben. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, Hartford: Yale University Press, 2008. Short, Philip. Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare, New York: MacMillan, 2006.

Cleopatras Family Treeâ€Ancestry

The Black And White Americans - 1652 Words

The idea that affluence in a capitalist society can be achieved through hard work and dedication regardless of the social and economic circumstances of the individual has been romanticized throughout history and entrenched in American thought culture. Private ownership is a hallmark of the â€Å"American Dream†, representing the opportunity for American citizens to achieve upward social mobility. Though America is famed for providing equality of opportunity to American citizens, a look at America s past tells a different story. After spending 245 years in slavery accumulating wealth on behalf of white Americans, African Americans were denied the 40 acres and a mule promised to them by the United States government. Even in the absence of de†¦show more content†¦I reasoned that a tax credit would make the tax system fairer, support home-ownership among families with lower incomes, and generate substantial revenues to fund asset-building programs for the poor. The proble m with the tax credit policy is that it fails to break the lock-in because black Americans face discrimination in the housing markets even today, so blacks would not benefit from the tax credit policy as much as poor white Americans would. Anarcho-syndicalism is a political strategy that opposes exploitation and domination of the working class by replacing capitalism and government control with a voluntary socialist system, in which the working class is in control of property and the means of production through the formation of syndicate networks. If implemented correctly, anarcho-syndicalism stands to reduce the wealth gap between black and white Americans over the next 50 years. Capitalism does not support equality, rather it discriminates against individuals in a society based on class, which is based on occupation, income, and wealth; this is called social stratification. Black Americans have been racially stratified through many years of discrimination to the point where much o f the black population belong to the poor working class. Whites, being that they were the first to occupy positions of power and own land, disproportionately make up the affluent ruling class. Capitalism is a profit-driven economic system where a small class of

Lawrence School Poems Free Essays

David Herbert Lawrence was an English novelist, poet and playwright. In 1908 Lawrence qualified as a teacher and found employment at Davidson Road School in Croydon. According to the author of D. We will write a custom essay sample on Lawrence School Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider (2005): â€Å"He found the demands of teaching in a large school in a poor area very different from those at Eastwood under a protective headmaster. Nevertheless he established himself as an energetic teacher, ready to use new teaching methods like performing the Shakespearean dramas they had as text. Best of School† and â€Å"Last Lesson of the Afternoon† are two poems about his experiences as a teacher. Quite extraordinarily, they present two completely contrasting views. â€Å"Best of School† is about the pleasure a teacher experiences while partaking his duties as a teacher, while â€Å"Last Lesson† speaks about the unpleasant task of teaching. â€Å"Best of School† begins with an image of the â€Å"boys and the room in a colourless gloom of underwater float†. The poet compares the boys working in a classroom to an underwater scene. Their ideas and thoughts are like â€Å"bright ripples†. Their ideas are defined as â€Å"bright† because they are young boys and full of creativity and innovation. These boys’ heads are ‘busily bowed† in pursuit of knowledge, they are completely blind to the outside world. The teacher separates himself from the boys as a passive spectator sitting â€Å"on the shores of the class†. The pupils require no external help from him; they are a single entity, united in their pursuit of knowledge. They tend to look up to him from time to time to gain morsels of inspiration for their work and then carry on working busily. Having got what was to be had†, he stresses the fact that he does not actively take part in the children’s learning process, it is natural and voluntary. The â€Å"ripening morning† echoes the ripening thoughts of the young boys and in the â€Å"sunlight† reflects the light of knowledge and intellect. â€Å"Last Lesson†, on the other hand is an exact opposite view. It begins with an image of weariness and disgust, the teacher begins by conceding defeat. Both the students and the teacher are being forced to sit in the classroom, waiting for the bell to ring. He says â€Å"I can haul them and urge them no more†. The teacher is experiencing great despair by having to sit in the classroom with his â€Å"pack of unruly hounds†, who are straining to be free. There is a sense of utter frustration; neither is the teacher interested in teaching and nor are the boys interested in gaining knowledge. The teacher can â€Å"no longer endure the brunt† of teaching a mass of uninterested children. The speaker in â€Å"Best of School† goes on to say that the boys are â€Å"like birds that steal and flee†. The boys raise their heads from time to time for getting the discipline necessary for concentration; the very presence of the teacher is an unspoken motivation for the students. He compares the glances of the students to the movement of tiny birds. â€Å"Touch after touch I feel on me†, he can almost feel the bright, inspired eyes of the students looking up to him for inspiration. He calls this inspiration â€Å"grain/Of rigour† that â€Å"they taste delightedly. † In complete contrast, the teacher in â€Å"Last Lesson† calls his students’ work â€Å"insults of blotted pages† and â€Å"slovenly work†. It is a sharp negative feeling that he expresses. He turns to the pile of sickly books on his desk and exclaims that it is impossible for him to plough through his corrections. To him it is a Herculean task, it is tedious and tiresome. The students are not interested in learning so the work seems to be a vivid insult to the teacher. He asks himself in desperation â€Å"shall I take/ My last dear fuel of life to heap on my soul? † and ascertains, â€Å"I will not! †, â€Å"I will not waste my soul and my strength for this. † He realizes that it is a complete waste of both his time and energy to try to discipline his students and take them on a path to knowledge. He declares that he no longer cares how his students will fair because his students are so disinterested that both the teaching and their apparent learning, â€Å"goes down the same abyss†, down a deep dark hole of forgetfulness and oblivion. He continues the argument deliberately reducing the scope of education to inconsequential things like â€Å"A description of a dog† and saying that all his efforts are going to waste because his students are completely frustrated and not at all enthusiastic about learning. The larger picture of holistic education is lost due to their unwillingness to learn but the teacher also deviously justifies his argument. He says that the whole situation is rubbish and that nobody cares so there’s no point in this unnecessary pursuit. His final analogy in â€Å"Best of School† is probably the strongest and most beautiful one. The minds of his young pupils are like the â€Å"tendrils that reach out yearningly†. The young enthusiastic minds cling to the teacher for support. It is merely for inspiration and not learning. The teacher (tree) is wise, tall and firm. The students need the support and guidance of the teacher like a silent and strong beam of enlightenment on which they can fall back in times of trial. The teacher and student relationship is shown to be a beautiful one. The teacher is sitting at a distance but feels his students â€Å"clinging† to him. This is not an actual dependence for notes and explanation but it is spiritual and emotional, self-motivational. A stout and sturdy tree covered in tendrils seems to be covered in a green coat. Their lives are closely entwined and they grow together. The speaker says, â€Å"my time/Is hidden in theirs, their thrills are mine. † It is a delightfully rewarding experience for him to be able to contribute to the student’s spiritual growth and enlightenment in an unobtrusive way. The two poems, as mentioned earlier, present complete contrasts to each other. While the speaker in the â€Å"Last Lesson of the Afternoon† is tired of teaching and disturbed by just being in the classroom, the speaker/teacher in â€Å"Best of School† enjoys a fresh look at his job. Education is believed to be an individual process. Each one learns at their own pace and in their own way. When pupils find pleasure in learning by themselves, the process of teaching becomes an extremely rewarding one for the teacher. When the student is motivated, education is most worthwhile. The teacher believes that the pupils should make the journey on their own as only then will the journey be meaningful. It is surprising that whereas in one poem the teacher delights himself by inspiring his students, in the other the teacher is under a terrific compulsion to sit and wait for the bell before he can rush out of class. These two poems, present together, a great insight into the two perspectives of gaining education and knowledge. One is a tiresome, hauling process while the other demands independence and free thinking. How to cite Lawrence School Poems, Essay examples

Business in Computers Essay Example For Students

Business in Computers Essay Business in ComputersI understand that some students that have already graduated from Collegeare having a bit of trouble getting their new businesses started. I know of atool that will be extremely helpful and is already available to them; theInternet. Up until a few years ago, when a student graduated they were basicallythrown out into the real world with just their education and their wits. Mostof the time this wasnt good enough because after three or four years of college,the perspective entrepreneur either forgot too much of what they were supposedto learn, or they just didnt have the finances. Then by the time they savesufficient money, they again had forgotten too much. I believe I have found theanswer. On the Internet your students will be able to find literally thousandsof links to help them with their future enterprises. In almost every city allacross North America, no matter where these students move to, they are able tolink up and find everything they need. They can find links like CreativeIdeas, a place they can go and retrieve ideas, innovations, inventions, patentsand licensing. Once they come up with their own products, they can find freeexpert advice on how to market their products. There are easily accessiblelinks to experts, analysts, consultants and business leaders to guide their wayto starting up their own business, careers and lives. These experts can helppush the beginners in the right direction in every field of business, includingevery way to generate start up revenue from better management of personalfinances to diving into the stock market. When the beginner has sufficientfunds to actually open their own company, they cant just expect the customersto come to them, they have to go out and attract them.This is where the Internet becomes most useful, in advertising. On theInternet, in every major consumer area in the world, there are dozens of ways toadvertise. The easiest and cheapest way, is to join groups such asEntrepreneur Weekly. These groups offer weekly newsletters sent all over theworld to major and minor businesses informing them about new companies on themarket. It includes everything about your business from what you make/sell andwhere to find you, to what your worth. These groups also advertise to thegeneral public. The major portion of the advertising is done over the Internet,but this is good because that is their target market. By now, hopefully theirbusiness is doing well, sales are up and money is flowing in. How do they keeptrack of all their funds without paying for an expensive accountant? Back tothe Internet. They can find lots of expert advice on where they should reinvesttheir money. Including how many and how qualified of staff to hire, whattechnical equipment to buy and even what insurance to purchase. This is where alot of companies get into trouble, during expansion. Too many entrepreneurs tryto leap right into the highly competitive mid-size company world. On theInternet, experts give their secrets on how to let their companies naturalgrowth force its way in. This way they are more financially stable for therough road ahead. The Internet isnt always going to give you the answers youare looking for, but it will always lead you in the right direction. That iswhy I hope you will accept my proposal and make aware the students of today ofthis invaluable business tool. Technology

Walt Whitman Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Walt Whitman Argumentative Essay Leaves of Grass. One only needs to see those three words to recognize the famous work of poetry. Published almost 150 years ago, the great work is still as recognized today as it was all those years ago. We hear about the great poems in movies and in books today. In the movie Dead Poets Society, the solemn poem, O Captain, My Captain, is talked about. In the recent movie, The Notebook, a copy of Leaves of Grass is the companion of a man who is losing his wife to Alzheimers. Who was the man that wrote the historic work? Why is the work so famous today and why is a bridge spanning Philadelphia to Camden named after the writer? This essay will introduce you to Walt Whitman, not only the writer, but the humanitarian too. We will write a custom essay on Walt Whitman Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Walt Whitman was born at West Hills, near Huntington, Long Island, New York on May 31, 1819 (Platt). Walt was born to Walter Whitman and Louisa Van Velsor. His mother was always the deepest emotional attachment of his life. His mother came from Dutch and Welsh backgrounds. Her parents lived only a few miles away at Cold Spring Harbor, so naturally, Walt often visited them. His grandmother Naomi, or Amy, was a Quakeress who wore plain garments and cap and had a gentle manner. Walt Whitmans father contributed his full share to the making of the poet. The Long Island Whitmans derived from Zechariah Whitman, an English minister who had come to Connecticut in the seventeenth century (Marinacci, Pg 9). His fathers claim to fame was being a good friend to Thomas Paine who wrote Common Sense (Bengtsson). Walts mother taught him to read the bible faithfully and to be a good Quaker. Walts father had little time for his family as he was to busy fighting for the cause of his friend Thomas Paine. It is doubtful that Whitmans mother or father had ever read any of his works. To Walt the word father would never have the same positive meaning as mother. By temperament, Walter Whitman was a perfectionist; he was also moody and easily upset and irritated. His love and approval were often held in abeyance, not freely given or displayed. Frequently he spun dreams of some glory or sudden success, then, when his neatly wrought schemes fell apart, perhaps because he had convinced them unrealistically, he took his frustration and disappointment out on his family (Marinacci, Pg 12). Walt had eight other siblings and when he was about 4 years old, his family removed to Brooklyn. Walt attended the public schools of Brooklyn, and somewhere between the ages of nine and twelve, is when he dropped out of school and started to work for a short time as an errand-boy in a lawyers office. At he age of twelve, Walt started work in the printing office of one of his fathers favorite newspapers, the Long Island Patriot, affectionately called the Pat. Taught by an old printer named William Hartshorne, Walt quickly took to this new trade. He learned to sort the jumble of type called pi and to use the composing stick (Marinacci, Pg 25). He enjoyed handling the metal type, slicing and stacking the crisp paper sheets, and smelling the ever-present printers ink, this was also around the time where he had taught himself how to read and write (Platt). In 1835, when Walt was seventeen years old, he moved to New York City. After several years of apprenticeship on the Star he qualified as a journeyman printer. Always attracted to Manhattan, Walt found a job in the print shop of a newspaper and took a room in a nearby rooming house. No longer did he have to ride the ferry across the river to spend just a few hours at the theater or sightseeing, now he was able to absorb the full daily and nightly life styles of the city (Marinacci, Pg 38). Walt moved back to Long Island where he taught several terms in country schools. As a new teacher, Walt began to put into practice some ideas that came naturally to his particular temperament. Although probably unaware of it, he used some of the unconventional teaching methods that others of this period had been trying out, especially in New England. Walt instructed his students in the standard Three Rs of his day, yet did not stop there. He did not want them to learn by rote, as he had to do while he was in school, but to understand the meaning and relevance of what they were learning. Frequently he read poems and asked his children to memorize them; sometimes they were his own compositions, but more often those by some of his favorite poets. He declined to use the usual corporal punishment. Instead of whipping recalcitrant pupils, he tried to change their attitudes and behavior by gentler methods such as patience, reasoning, reward and providing good examples. What he ideally wished to achieve, as an actual teacher must have been similar to the effect he later hoped to have upon would be readers of his poetry (Marinacci, Pg 44). .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 , .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .postImageUrl , .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 , .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:hover , .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:visited , .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:active { border:0!important; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:active , .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344 .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77ee8b4f4f7a746f1fb440ad94d6e344:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charlotte O"Neil"s song EssayAfter teaching he opened a printing office in Huntington, Long Island, starting a new weekly newspaper called The Long Islander, which is still being published to this day. After about eight months of publishing the Long Islander, Walt gave up the paper, probably on the strong advice of his backers and so it was sold. Restless, dissatisfied with his limited horizons, he had grown bored with the daily routine of his work and then began neglecting it (Rubin). He worked at the newspaper until around 1840, when he moved back New York. Spending several summers in the country doing farm work, Walt had published Franklin Evans in The New World paper i n 1841, and also contributed essays and tales to the Democratic Review, until around 1848, when he became the editor of The Brooklyn Eagle. A year later, Walt started working with his brother Jeff on a long winding journey through the Middle and Southern States as far as New Orleans, where he worked for some time on the editorial staff of The Crescent (Platt). It seemed as though no matter where he had gone he always got involved with the press. In 1850 Walt returned to Brooklyn, where he had published a newspaper called The Freeman. Staying in Brooklyn for a few years, he began working with his father building and selling houses. Five years later the first edition of Leaves Of Grass was published in Brooklyn, New York. Later that year in July, Walts father had passed away. A few days later, Walt received a letter from Ralph Waldo Emerson, praising him for the book he had written, Leaves of Grass. A few months after sending the letter, Emerson went to visit Walt in Brooklyn, and later, he also received a visit from Henry David Thoreau, after the second edition of Leaves of Grass was published in New York and the third edition, which was later published in Boston (Platt). In 1862, Walt headed to Fredericksburg, Virginia to visit his brother George, who was wounded while fighting in the Civil War. While visiting his brother and helping him recuperate from his injuries, Walts eyes were awakened to the horrors of war. Walt began his next life as a civil servant and for the next three years stayed around Virginia and Washington D.C. ministering to sick and wounded soldiers. While serving in army hospitals, Walts life became recharged. Once angered and dismayed over the breakup of the Union and after his brother being held prisoner by confederate soldiers, Walts heart and eyes were opened that the Union could only survive with a reconciliation. Walt was no longer just the poet of Long Island; he became the poet of a nation. After spending a few years with his brother he spent the next six years working with his book. Leaves of Grass has been called a lot of things, but mostly a work of art and an amazing read. Leaves of Grass is Walts way of putting his li fe, dreams and thoughts down on paper. It is about love, family and compassion I personally read it and loved it. Walt had suffered a stroke that had paralyzed one side of his body. Walt who had praised and cultivated bodily health and vigor now felt betrayed. Yet he believed that he would fully recover in time, through persistent effort and sheer force of will. His doctor seemed optimistic as well. Walt assured his mother that he would soon recover and return to work. Then he would buy a little house where he would have her and Eddie come and live with him. As it was, Walt employed a substitute to do his office work for him, so that he would still receive at least a portion of his salary. .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 , .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .postImageUrl , .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 , .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:hover , .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:visited , .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:active { border:0!important; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:active , .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8 .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u659932ca8fd6f08c131efda6aac9d1d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heroes in Homer's Poetry EssayBy May Walt was well enough to spend several hours a day on the job. Then he heard that his mothers health had suddenly and seriously failed. Alarmed, he left right away for Camden. Three days later, on May 23 his mother died, at the age of seventy-eight. Her death was the hardest blow that Walt had ever had to bear. It is the great cloud of my life, he wrote in anguish. His mothers death coming on top of his own illness proved too much for Walt. He returned to Washington a week after the funeral. Extremely depressed and debilitated, he now accepted the Ashtons hospitality, for he did not want to be alone (Marinacci, Pg 285). Walt Whitman live d such an amazing life doing the very best at everything he put his mind to. But at dusk on March 26, 1892, as a light rain pattered down on Camdens rooftops, Walt Whitman died, at the age of seventy-two. His soul was off at long last on that long-anticipated outward-bound journey (Marinacci, Pg 341).

Sample Essay on Lyme Disease - This Is Easy!

Sample Essay on Lyme Disease - This Is Easy!The process of writing a sample essay on Lyme disease is simple. In fact, you can do it in just a few minutes. And, there are no special tools or manuals that will be required to accomplish this simple task.The first thing that you must do is begin with an introduction. Let your story begin. Focus on the experience that brought you to this point and how you came to realize the possibility of Lyme disease.Begin by describing the symptoms of Lyme disease. Include the time period that you have been diagnosed with the disease. This will help you to develop a narrative that includes the location where you were diagnosed. Then you will want to describe your first few months with this illness.If you are going to include a doctor's name, indicate in the introduction who diagnosed you with Lyme disease. A beginning medical student can do this easily, because you will likely be given your diagnosis by a doctor or other health care professional. You w ill need to tell us about the symptoms that you experienced and the range of these symptoms.Now you will want to write a one paragraph essay, which will help to guide you as you write your essay. I recommend the following structure: Action, Narrative, Conclusion. You can combine them if you prefer.You may find that you are having trouble being able to put your thoughts down on paper but don't worry. You can always use a writing program to help you.As you can see, writing a sample essay on Lyme disease is not difficult at all. However, you should still exercise good judgment and consult with your health care provider if you have concerns. For more information, please visit my website.

Free Essays on Barbara Ehrenreich

Book Critique I’ve never read one of Barbara Ehrenreich’s books but I might have to check one of them out after reading Nickeled and Dimed. I admired the argument, actually enjoyed reading for a change, and also learned a lot from every page. When I finished the book, I looked at it as what I only can call loathing. Writing up for the rich the results of an upper class essayist’s anthropological mission to see how the other half live is worthwhile. It is part of the task of affiliating the comfortable, which needs to be carried out much more strongly if we are ever to have a better society. The point of Ehrenreich’s rapiers of intellect, art, and wit are ever more prevalent when she points out that even so-called â€Å"unskilled† work- is demanding and challenging: the memory skills required of a waitress, the physical labor of a house cleaner with a vacuum on her back, and the patience of a wal-mart â€Å"zoner† hanging up the same blouse for the nin th time can push human capacities close to their limits- and for the truly lousy pay. I feel that the focus or purpose of her writings were to remind her readers that every job is worth doing well, and that people who do it well deserve respect: â€Å"†¦when I wake up at 4 A.M. in my own cold sweat, I am thinking of the table where I screwed up the order and one of the kids didn’t get his kiddie meal until the rest of the family had moved on to their Key lime pies.† That is something that her readers need to hear more often. So maybe the next time their (the readers) order isn’t perfect they’ll show a little patience and understanding, with their waiter or waitress. Mrs. Ehrenreich often found it a struggle to make ends meet even though she was working two jobs, seven days a week. Something is terribly wrong with this picture. A white, middle aged, capable woman with dependable transportation can’t support herself working two jobs. Even she admits that she... Free Essays on Barbara Ehrenreich Free Essays on Barbara Ehrenreich Book Critique I’ve never read one of Barbara Ehrenreich’s books but I might have to check one of them out after reading Nickeled and Dimed. I admired the argument, actually enjoyed reading for a change, and also learned a lot from every page. When I finished the book, I looked at it as what I only can call loathing. Writing up for the rich the results of an upper class essayist’s anthropological mission to see how the other half live is worthwhile. It is part of the task of affiliating the comfortable, which needs to be carried out much more strongly if we are ever to have a better society. The point of Ehrenreich’s rapiers of intellect, art, and wit are ever more prevalent when she points out that even so-called â€Å"unskilled† work- is demanding and challenging: the memory skills required of a waitress, the physical labor of a house cleaner with a vacuum on her back, and the patience of a wal-mart â€Å"zoner† hanging up the same blouse for the nin th time can push human capacities close to their limits- and for the truly lousy pay. I feel that the focus or purpose of her writings were to remind her readers that every job is worth doing well, and that people who do it well deserve respect: â€Å"†¦when I wake up at 4 A.M. in my own cold sweat, I am thinking of the table where I screwed up the order and one of the kids didn’t get his kiddie meal until the rest of the family had moved on to their Key lime pies.† That is something that her readers need to hear more often. So maybe the next time their (the readers) order isn’t perfect they’ll show a little patience and understanding, with their waiter or waitress. Mrs. Ehrenreich often found it a struggle to make ends meet even though she was working two jobs, seven days a week. Something is terribly wrong with this picture. A white, middle aged, capable woman with dependable transportation can’t support herself working two jobs. Even she admits that she...

Time Management Tips for Graduate Students

Time Management Tips for Graduate Students All academics, graduate students, and faculty alike struggle with the challenge of managing their time. New graduate students are often amazed at how much there is to do each day: classes, research, study groups, meetings with professors, reading, writing, and attempts at a social life. Many students believe that it will get better after they graduate, but, unfortunately, most people report being even busier as new professors, researchers, and professionals. With so much to do and so little time, it is easy to feel overwhelmed. But dont let stress and deadlines overtake your life. How to Avoid Burnout My best advice for avoiding burnout and getting bogged down is to keep track of your time: Record your days and maintain daily progress towards your goals. The simple term for this is time management. Many people dislike this term, but, call it what you will, managing yourself is essential to your success in grad school. Use a Calendar System By now, you probably use a calendar to keep track of weekly appointments and meetings. Grad school requires taking a long-term perspective on time. Use a yearly, monthly, and weekly calendar. Year Scale. Its difficult to keep track of today and remember what needs to be done in six months. Long term deadlines for financial aid, conference submission, and grant proposals creep up quickly! Dont find yourself surprised to realize that your comprehensive exams are in a few weeks. Plan at least two years ahead with a yearly calendar, divided into months. Add all long-term deadlines on this calendar.Month Scale. Your monthly calendar should include all paper deadlines, test dates, and appointments so that you can plan ahead. Add self-imposed deadlines for completing long-term projects like papers.Week Scale. Most academic planners use a weekly scale of measurement. Your weekly calendar includes your day-to-day appointments and deadlines. Have a study group on Thursday afternoon? Record it here. Carry your weekly calendar everywhere. Use a To-Do List Your to-do list will keep you moving towards your goals on a daily basis. Take 10 minutes every night and make a to-do list for the next day. Look at your calendar for the next couple of weeks to remember tasks that need to be planned in advance: searching for literature for that term paper,  buying and sending birthday cards, and preparing submissions to conferences and grants. Your to-do list is your friend; never leave home without it. Prioritize your to-do list. Rank each item by importance and attack your list accordingly so that you dont waste time on non-essential tasks.Schedule time to work on classes and research each day, even if it is just a few 20-minute blocks. Think you cant get much done in 20 minutes? Youd be surprised. Whats more important is that the material will stay fresh in your mind, enabling you to reflect on it at unexpected times (like on your ride to school or walk to the library).Be flexible. Allow time for interruptions and distractions. Aim to plan just 50 percent or less of your time so that youll have the flexibility to handle unexpected interruptions. When youre distracted by a new task or something that you need to remember, write it down and get back to work. Dont let a flight of ideas keep you from completing the task at hand. When youre interrupted by others or seemingly urgent tasks, ask yourself, What is the most important thing I can do right now? Whats most urgent? Use your ans wer to plan your time and get back on track. Time management doesnt have to be a dirty word. Use these simple techniques to get things done your way.

Recent trends in top tier banks in U.S., Europe, Asia, or Latin Term Paper

Recent trends in top tier banks in U.S., Europe, Asia, or Latin America - finance - Term Paper Example such as money transfers, payroll services, bank reconcilement, credit services such as asset based financing, lines of credit, commercial loans, or commercial real estate loans, deposit services such as checking or savings account services and foreign exchange. The latter involves services such as securitization, financing of mergers and acquisitions, restructuring, underwriting of shares, private placements of equity shares and debt securities with the investing institutions. These two services which were specialized by two distinct set of bankers are now being increasingly converged to be undertaken by same banks in view of deregulation of the financial sector. The banks have also started entering into insurance businesses. These changes have catapulted the banks to become an important and integral part of global business environment (Trends in the banking industry). In this context, this paper seeks to trace the recent trends in top tier banks in the U.S. and other countries in re spect of products, competition and global advancement. Since World War II through1970, there had been not many bank failures as it used to be a stable business. There were just ten bank failures in the U.S during the postwar period. It was only after deregulation, and liberalization identified as the catalysts for competition and growth, bank failures began to raise during 1980s and 1990s. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2004) and other studies of Blommestein and Lange (1993) and Blommestein (1997) provide a thorough analysis of bank failures in the U.S., Japan, Europe and others. Figure 1 showing the trend of banking failures during the period from 1934-2003 is clearly illustrative of this. The deregulation and liberalization has resulted in consolidation of banking industry during the last twenty five years. In the U.S. alone, the number of commercial banks which was 13,000 in 1980 has come down to 7,600 as in 2005. The last two decades have been characterized by

Anti-Social Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-Social Behavior - Essay Example One major focus that the paper will pay attention to is the manner through which law enforcement officers handle people with various crimes. The orders directly give the officers the manner through which they will treat and a well-outlined procedure. This is important to ensure that the criminals are dealt with in regard to the concept of being innocent unless proven guilty by the law. The manner through which they are handled brings out the effectiveness of the orders as they are stipulated and the paper will be sure to explain this in length.In the composition of the essay, the effectiveness of the orders is going to be reviewed studying the subsequent result of their application. This is for example on the issue of drugs. The reduction of the number of teenagers that fall into the trap of drugs has been seen to reduce over the years. This is due to the elimination of drug dealers in the streets by observation of the orders. There will be the mention of parents’ views on the issue.Another issue that will be discussed in the essay is the types of courts that are granted the mandate to pass the orders. People who commit crimes whether petty or even large crimes have very much fear for the authority or the types of courts that pass the orders. The paper will focus on explaining the courts in full perspective. Some criminals may not commit crimes if the court passing the judgment is a minor court as they are sure to have appeal to a higher court. The types of courts and their authorities will be explained in the essay.

Features of Location Strategy Planning

Features of Location Strategy Planning The location of a plant or facility is the geographical positioning of an operation relative to the input resources and other operations or customers with which it interacts. Andrew Greasly (2003) identified three main reasons why a location decision is required. The first reason is that a new company has been created and needs a facility to manufacture products or deliver a service to its customers. The second reason is that there is a decision to relocate an existing business due to a number of factors such as the need for larger premises or to be closer to a particular customer base. The third reason is relocate into new premises in order to be able to expand operations. Decisions with regards to where an organisation can locate its plant or facility are not taken often, however they still tend to be very important for the firms profitability and long-term survival. An organisation which chooses an inappropriate location for its premises could suffer from a number of factors, and would find it difficult and expensive to relocate. Location decisions tend to be taken more often for service operations than manufacturing facilities. Facilities for service related businesses are usually smaller in size, less costly, and are located in a location that is convenient and easily accessible to customers (Russell and Taylor, 2003). When deciding where to located a manufacturing facility different reasons apply, such as the cost of constructing a plant or factory. Although the most imporant factor for a service related business is access to customers, a set of different criteria is important for a manufacturing facility (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These include the nature of the labor force, proximity to suppliers and other markets, distribution and transportation costs, the availability of energy and its cost, community infrastructure, government regualtions and taxes, amongst others (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Location Strategy The facilities location problem is one of major importance in all types of business. It is important to notice the different problems that may arise whilst trying to choose a suitable location; which is the general area, and site; which is the place chosen within the location. Normally, the decision on siting proceeds in two stages: in the first, the general area is chosen; and then a detailed survey of that area is carried out to find suitable sites where the plant or facility could be located (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). However, the final decision as to where to locate a facility is made by taking into consideration more detailed requirements. The following are a number of factors which might influence the choice of location (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). Proximity to market: organisations may wish to locate their facility close to their market, to be able to lower transportation costs, and most importantly, to be able to provide their customers with a better service. If the plant or facility is located close to the customer, the organisation would be in a better position to provide just-in-time delivery, to respond to fluctuations in demand and to react to field or service problems. Availability of labour and skills: a number of geographical areas have traditional skills but it very rare that an organisation would be able to find a location which has the appropriate skilled and unskilled labour, both readily available and in the desired proportions and quantities. Even so, new skills can be tought, processes simplified and key personnel moved from one area to another. Availability of amenities: organisations would prefer to locate their facilities in a location which provides good external amenities such as housing, shops, community services and communication systems. Availability of inputs: a location which is near main suppliers will help to reduce cost and allow staff to meet suppliers easily to discuss quality, technical or delivery problems, amongst others. It is also important that certain supplies which are expensive or difficult to procure by transport should be readily available in the locality. Availability of services: there are six main services which need to be considered whilst a location is being chosen namely; gas and electricity, water, drainage, disposal of waste and communications. An assessment must be made of the requirements for these, and a location which provides most or all of these services will be more attractive than another which does not. Room for expansion: organisations should leave room for expansion within the chosen location unless long term forecast convey very accurately that the plant will never have to be altered or expanded. This is often not the case and thus adequate room for expansion should be allowed. Safety requirements: certain production and manufacturing units may present potential hazards to the surrounding neighbourhood. For example certain plants such as nuclear power stations and chemical factories should be located in remote areas. Site cost: the cost of the site is a very important factor, however it is necessary to prevent immediate benefit from jeopardising the long-term plans of an organisation. Political, cultural and economic situation: it is also important to consider the political situation of potential locations. Even if other considerations demand a particular site, knowledge of the political, cultural and economic difficulties can assist in taking a number of decisions. Special grants, regional taxes and import/export barriers: it is often advantegous for an organisation to build its plant or facility in a location where the government and local authorities often offer special grants, low-interest loans, low rental or taxes and other inducements. Location Selection Techniques The location selection process involves the identification of a suitable region/country, the indentification of an appropriate area within that region and finally comparing and selecting a site from that area which is suitable for an organisation. The following are a number of analytical techniques from the several that have been developed to assist firms in location analysis. Weighted Score The weithed scoring technique tries to take a range of considerations into account, including cost. This technique, which is also referred to as factor rating or point rating, consists of determining a list of factors that are relevant to the location decision. Each factor is then given a weighting that conveys its relative importance compared with the other factors. Each location is then scored on each factor and this score is multiplied by the factor value. The alternative with the highest score is then chosen. Locational Break-Even Analysis This technique makes use of cost-volume analysis to make an economic comparison of location alternatives. An organisation would have to identify the fixed and variable costs and graphing them for each location, thus determining which one provides the lowest cost. Locational break-even analysis may be carried out mathematically or graphically. The procedure for graphical cost-volume analysis is as follows: Determine the fixed and variable costs for each location. Plot the total cost (i.e. the fixed + the variable) lines for the location alternatives on the graph. Choose the location with the lowest total cost line at the expected production volume level. Plant Layout According to Andrew Greasly (2007), the layout of a plant or facility is concerned with the physical placement of resources such as equipment and storage facilities, which should be designed to facilitate the efficient flow of customers or materials through the manufacturing or service system. He also noted that the layout design is very important and should be taken very seriously as it can have a significant impact on the cost and efficiency of an operation and can involve substantial investment in time and money. The decisions taken with regards to the facility layout will have a direct influence on how efficiently workers will be able to carry out their jobs, how much and how fast goods can be produced, how difficult it is to automate a system, and how the system in place would be able to respond to any changes with regards to product or service design, product mix, or demand volume (Russell and Taylor, 2003). In many operations the installation of a new layout, or redesign of an existing layout, can be difficult to change once they are implemented due to the significant investment required on items such as equipment. Therefore, it is imperative to make sure that the policy decisions relating to the organisation, method and work flow are made before the facilities are laid out rather than trying to fit these three into the layout. This is an important area of production and operations management since it is dealing with the capital equipment of the organisation which, in general, is difficult to relocate once it has been put into position. Keith Lockyer (1992), in his book Production and Operations Management, explained that the plant layout process is rather complex, which cannot be set down with any finality, and one in which experience plays a great part. The author also explained that it is impossible for an organisation to design the perfect layout, however he discussed a number of criteria which should be followed to design a good layout. These criteria are discussed in brief below. Maximum Flexibility A good layout should be designed in such a way that modifications could rapidly take place to meet changing circumstances, and thus should be devised with the possible future needs of the operation in mind. Maximum Co-ordination The layout should be designed in such a way that entry into, and disposal from, any department or functional area should be carried out in the most convenient way to the issuing and recieving departments. Maximum use of volume The facility should be considered as cubic devises and maximum use is to be made of the volume available. This principle is useful in stores, where goods can be stored at considerable heights without causing any inconvenience, especially if certain mordern lifting machinery is available. Maximum visibility Locker further insists that all the workers and materials should be readily observable at all times and that there should be no hidden places into which goods or information might get misplaced and forgotten. Organisations should be careful when they make use of partitioning or screening as these may introduce undesirable segregation which reduces the effective use of floor space. Maximum accessibility The machinery, equipment and other installations should not in any way obstruct the servicing and maintenance points, which should be readily accessible at all times. Obstructing certain service points such as electricity and water mains could hinder the production process in place. Minimum distance and Material handling All movements taking place within the plant should be both necessary and direct. Handling work does add the cost but does not increase the value, thus any unecessary movement should be avoided and if present, eliminated. It is best not to handle the material and information, however if this is necessary it should be reduced to a minimum by making use of appropriate devices. Inherent Safety All processes which might constitute a danger to either the staff or customers should not be accessible to the unauthorised. Fire exists should be clearly marked with uninhibited access and pathways should be clearly defined and uncluttered. Unidirectional Flow All materials which are being used in the production process should always flow in one direction, starting from the storage, passing through all processes and facilities, and finally resulting in the finished product which is later dispatched for storage or sold directly to the customer. Management Coordination Supervision and communication should be assisted by the location of staff and communication equipment in place within the chosen layout. The Basic Layout Designs After choosing the process type which will be used within the plant, it would be necessary to select the layout of the operation. Presently, there are four basic types of production layouts, each with their own set of characterisitcs which are briefly discussed below. Fixed Position Layout A fixed position layout design is used when the product being produced is either too fragile, bulky, or heavy to move and so the conversion process would have to take place at the location where the product is created. Figure 2.7 conveys an example of a fixed position layout within a full service restaurant. In this particular type of layout, all resources and factors of production used to produce a particular product must be moved to the location where the product is to be produced. Scheduling and coordination of the required resources are important characterisitics of this layout, since these resources have to be available on the site where the product is to be produced in the required amounts at the required time (Andrew Greasley, 2007). For example, certain activities that are carried out in construction sites are only able to take place after the completion of other activities. The utilization of equipment in such a layout is often low, since it is cheaper to leave equipment idle at a location where it will be used during subsequent days than to move it back and forth (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Process Layout In process layouts, also termed as functional layouts, similar activities are grouped together in departments or work centers according to the process or function that they carry out. Figure 4.8 conveys a process layout in a manufacturing facility, were different processes and machines are located within their respective work center. This type of layout is characteristic of intermittent operations, service shops, job shops, or batch production, were different customers with different needs are served (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Equipment found in this particular layout is often general purpose, and workers are usually trained to make use of equipment in their department. One of the advantagous of this system is flexibility, however a high level of inefficiency takes place. This inefficiency arises since jobs and customers do not flow through the system in an orderly manner, movement from one department to another could take a long time, and queues tend to be developed (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Product Layout In product layouts, which are also known as assembly lines, activities are set up in a line according to the sequence of operations that have to take place in order to produce a particular product. Therefore, each product being produced must have its own line, which is designed in a unique way to meet its requirements (Russell and Taylor, 2003). The flow of work is carried out in an orderly and efficient manner, moving from one particular processing station to the next down the assembly line until the product is successfully produced (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These type of layouts are often incorporated for mass production or repetitive operations, where demand is normally stable and volume is high. In such cases, the product being produced is standard, and one which is produced for the general market. Figure 2.9 conveys a simplified configuration of a product layout. The product or line layout is known to be a very efficient production system because the use of dedicated equipment in a balanced line allows a much throughput time than in any other layout used (Andrew Greasly, 2007). However, this particular layout often lacks the flexibility found in the process layout since it only able to produce a standard product or service. Another issue which often concerns manufacturing companies is that if any particular processing station fails, the output from the whole line is lost. Therefore, it lacks the robustness to loss of resources such as equipment failure or staff which are not present at work that the process layout provides (Andrew Greasly, 2007). Cellular Layout A cell layout tries to combine the flexbility found in the process layout together with the efficiency found in the product layout. Machines and activities which are unalike are grouped into work centers, referred to cells, in order to create groups of parts or customers which have similar requirements (Russell and Taylor, 2003). The aim of this layout is to arrange different cells in such a way that materials movement is minimized. Figure 2.10 conveys how a process layout which has similar resurces has been grouped into three different cells. Through this redesigning, the routing of products has been simplified and products can now be processed in a single cell and need not be transported between different departments. 2.2 Quality Management There is a widespread acceptance that organisations view quality as an important strategic core competence and a vital competitive weapon which should be used to gain a competitive advantage at the expense of rivals. Several organisations have been able to reep a number of benefits, such as substanstial cost savings and higher revenues, after implementing a quality improvement process into their operations. Subsequently, this led them to invest substantial amounts of money yearly on implementing and sustaining quality programmes and intiatives. The American National Standards Institution (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) define quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy given needs. Similarily, Feigenbaum (2005), who is an American quality control expert, has defined quality as the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture, and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectation by the customer. Put simply, this refers to an organisations ability to manufacture a product or deliver a service which satisfy the customers requirements and needs, and which conform to specifications. Keith Lockyer, in his book Production and Operations Management (1992), noted that organisations must be dedicated to the continous improvement of quality and must implement systematic control systems that are designed to prevent the production or delivery of products or services which do not conform to requirements. To facilitate this process, organisations should first set up a quality policy statement which describes their general quality orientation and which is used to assist as a framework for action. Once set up, top management would be required to: ensure that is it understood at all levels of the organisation; identify the needs of the organisations customers; evaluate the organisations ability to meet these needs; make sure that all the materials and services supplied fit the required standards of efficiency and performance; continously train the workforce for quality improvement; assess and monitor the quality management systems in place. Quality Control and Assurance in the Conversion Process Ray Wild (2002) has noted that the capability of the conversion process directly influences the degree to which the product or service conforms to the given specification. If the conversion process is capable of producing products or services at the specified level, then the products or services are provided at the desired quality level. Once the specification of the output is known and an appropriate process is available, management must ensure that the output will conform to the specification. In order to achieve this objective Ray Wild (2002) has defined three different stages which are outlined in figure 2.4; each discussed below. Control of Inputs Before accepting any items as inputs, organisations must make sure that they conform to the required specifications and standards. Normally, before items are supplied to an organisation, they are subjected to some form of quality control by the supplier. The organisation might also ask its suppliers for information about the quality of the items whilst they are being prepared, ask for a copy of the final inspection documentation, or ask a third party such as an insurance company to make sure that all the items supplied conform to the required quality standards. Even so, organisations still find the need to inspect the items supplied once they are recieved and before they are inserted into the conversion process. This inspection can be carried out by either inspecting every item recieved from suppliers, or by making use of the acceptance sampling procedure, which consists of taking a random sample from a larger batch or lot of material to be inspected. Organisations might also make use of the vendor rating procedure whereby suppliers are rated by taking into account a number of quality related factors such as the percentage of acceptable items recieved in the past, the quality of the packaging, and the price. Control of Process All manufacturing organisations must make sure that appropriate inspection is carried out during operations to ensure that defective items do not proceed to the next operations, and also to predict when the process is most likely to produce faulty items so that preventive adjustments could be adopted (Ray Wild 2002). The quality control of the production process is facilitated by making use of control charts, which convey whether the process looks as though it is performing as it should, or alternatively if it is going out of control. One of the benefits of this procedure is that it helps management to take action before problems actually take place. Ray Wild (2002) also notes that organisations should establish procedures for the selection and inspection of items which are used in the conversion process, for the recording and analysis of data, scrapping of defectives, and for feedback of information. Control of Outputs Organisations must ensure that the qulity inspection of output items is carried out effectively since any undetected defective items would be passed on to the customer. The inspection of output items is normally carried out by making use of a sampling procedure, such as acceptance sampling, or by carrying out exhaustive checks. Ray Wild (2002) notes that it is vital for an organisation to have in place suitable procedures designed for the collection and retention of inspection data, for the correction, replacement or further examination of defective items, and for the adjustment or modification of either previous inspection or processing operations in order to eliminate the production of defective items. HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Nowadays, the food industry is responsible of producing safe products and also for conveying in a transparent manner how the safety of food is being planned, controlled and assured. In order to do so, organisations in the food industry need a system which will ensure that food operations are designed to be safe and that potential hazards are taken into account (Bob Mitchell 1992). One such system is the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points which is a scientific and systematic method used to assure food safety, and a tool for the development, implementation and management of effective safety assurance procedures (Ropkins and Beck 2000). The HACCP is known to be one of the best methods used for assuring product safety and is considered as a prerequisite for food manufacturing companies who wish to export their products into international markets. The objective of the HACCP system is to guarantee that the safe production of food by implementing a quality system which covers the complete food production chain, from the promary sector up to the final consuming of the product (Fai Pun, Bhairo-Beekhoo 2007). It is capable of analysing the potential hazards in a food operation, identifying the points in the operation where the hazards may take place, and deciding which of these may be harmful to consumers (Bob Mitchell 2002). These points, which are referred to as the critical control points, are continously monitored and remedial action is effected if any of these points are not within safe limits. The HACCP is the system of choice in the management of food safety; one which is highly promoted by the food safety authorities in the United States, Canada and European Union. Just-In-Time Scheduling Scheduling in Manufacturing Decision making with regards to scheduling has become a very important factor in manufacturing as well as in service industries. Scheduling is a decision making process whereby limited resources are allocated to specific tasks over time in order to produce the desired outputs at the desired time (Psarras, Ergazakis 2003). This process helps organisations to allocate their resources properly, which would further enable them to optimise their objectives and achieve their goals. A number of functions, conveyed in figure 2.5, must be performed whilst scheduling and controlling a production operation. In manufacturing systems, scheduling is highly dependent on the volume and variety mix of the manufacturing system itself. Mass process-type systems, which normally make use of a flow (product) layout where a standard item is produced in high volumes, make use of specialised equipment dedicated to achieve an optimal flow of work throughout the system (Andrew Greasly 2006). Greasly notes that this is very important since all items follow the same sequence of operations. One of the most important objectives of a flow system is to make sure that production is kept at an equal rate in each production that takes place. This could be ensured by making use of the line balancing technique, which makes sure that the output of each production stage is equal and that all resources all fully utilised (Andrew Greasly 2006). Just-In-Time The Just-In-Time Philosophy in Operations The just-in-time philosophy originated from the Japanese auto maker Toyota after Taiichi Ohno came up with the Toyota Production System whose aim was to interface manufacturing more closely with the companys customers and suppliers. This particular philosophy is an approach to manufacturing which seeks to provide the right amount of material when it is required, which in turn leads to the reduction of work-in-progress inventories and aims to maximise productivity within the production process (Singh, Brar 1991). The authors, Slack, Chambers and Johnston, of Operations Management (2001) defined the JIT philosophy as a disciplined approach to improving overall productivity and elimination of waste. They also state that it provides for the necessary quantity of parts at the right quality, at the right time and place, while using a minimum amount of facilities, equipment, materials and human resources. Thus, put simply the JIT system of production is one based on the philosophy of total elimination of waste, which seeks the utmost rationality in the way production is carried out. Bicheno (1991) further states that JIT aims to meet demand instantaneously, with perfect quality and no waste. In order to achieve this, an organisation requires a whole new approach in how it operates. Harrison (1992) identified three important issues as the core of JIT philosophy, namely the elimination of waste, the involvement of everyone and continous improvement. The following is a brief description of these three key issues (adapted from Operations Management by Andrew Greasly). Eliminate Waste Waste may be defined as any activity which does not add value to the operation. Ohno (1995) and Toyota have identified seven types of waste, which apply in many different types of operations, in both manufacturing and service industries. All of these types of wastes are displayed in figure 2.6 below. The involvement of everyone Organisations that implement a JIT system are able to create a new culture where all employees are encouraged to continously improve by coming up with ideas for improvements and by performing a range of functions. In order to involve employees as much as possible, organisations would have to provide training to staff in a wide range of areas and techniques, such as Statistical Process Control and more general problem solving techniques (Andrew Greasley 2002). Continuous Improvement Slack and Johnston (2001) note that JIT objectives are often expressed as ideals. Futhermore, Greasly (2002) states that through this philosophy, organisations would be able to get to these ideals of JIT by a continuous stream of improvements over time. The Benefits of Just-In-Time According to Russell and Taylor (2003), after fives years from implementing JIT a number of U.S. manufacturers were able to benefit from 90 percent reductions in manufacturing cycle time, 70 percent reductions in inventory, 50 percent reductions in labour costs, and 80 percent reductions in space requirements. These results are not achieved by each and every organisation that implements a JIT system, however JIT does provide a wide range of benefits, including: Reduced inventory Improved quality Lower costs Reduced space requirements Shorter lead time Increased productivity Greater flexibility Better relations with suppliers Simplified scheduling and control activities Better use of human resources Increased capacity More product variety Health and Safety Management The International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) define occupational health as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; and the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities. Many countries have introduced legislation which requires employers to manage the health and safety of their employees, and others who might be affected (Alan Waring, 1996). To honour health and safety legislation, organisations have found it necessary to introduce active programmes of accident prevention. The preparation of a properly though-out health and safety policy, which is continously monitored, could dramatically reduce or eliminate injuries and damage to health (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). Responsibilities for Safety All employees in an organisation should be active in creating and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions which are aimed to avoid accidents. Once a health and safety policy is established in an organisation, roles and responsibilities should be allocated within the management structure (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). As with other areas such as quality and production within an organisation, health and safety would only be able to progress successfully if all employees are fully co-operative and committed in doing so. A number of organisations have encouraged this total involvement by creating safety representitives, committees, and group discussions w